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True / False
1. Historically there are many instances of job discrimination against women and minorities in the United States.
a.
True
b.
False
2. Homosexuals have not been discriminated against in police hiring practices.
a.
True
b.
False
3.
a.
True
b.
False
4. Prior to the 1960s, African-American police officers employed by the NYPD were assigned only to African-American
neighborhoods and were not assigned to specialized, high-profile units.
a.
True
b.
False
5. The National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders stated that discriminatory police employment practices did not
contribute to the riots of the middle and late 1960s.
a.
True
b.
False
6. In 1969, the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) confirmed its policy of opposing the employment of
gay officers.
a.
True
b.
False
7. The Supreme Court decision in Griggs v. Duke Power Company (1971) established the concept that job requirements
must be job related—they must be necessary for the performance of the job a person is applying for.
a.
True
b.
False
8. The vision requirement was probably the strongest example of discrimination against female candidates in police tests.
a.
True
b.
False
9. One of the most controversial methods of ending job discrimination is the concept of affirmative action.
a.
True
b.
False
10. Critics of affirmative action argue that it is unfair to select police officers based on their race or gender even though
such a practice does not actually violate the 1964 Civil Rights Act.
a.
True
b.
False
11. In a 1995 case, a state police agency agreed to provide back pay to white male troopers who claimed they were
unfairly passed over for promotions in favor of minority troopers.
a.
True
b.
False
12. Academic research has shown that female officers are well received by the public.
a.
True
b.
False
13. The IACP believes the recruitment of women is an important issue for law enforcement today.
a.
True
b.
False
14. Police departments do not address workplace dating because of privacy concerns.
a.
True
b.
False
15. The first African-American police officers were appointed in which of the following cities?
a.
Chicago
b.
New York
c.
New Orleans
d.
Miami
16. In 1910, which of the following cities appointed the first “officially designated” policewoman?
a.
Los Angeles
b.
Seattle
c.
New York
d.
Cleveland
17. Which of the following was not one of the duties relegated to early female police officers?
a.
issuing parking tickets
b.
guarding female prisoners
c.
performing routine clerical tasks
d.
patrolling
18. Which of the following is not one of the possible causes for the acceptance of women in police departments in the late
1960s and early 1970s?
a.
the women’s rights movement
b.
efforts by females officers to gain the right to perform patrol duty to achieve equality with male officers
c.
pressure applied on behalf of women by the International Association of Chiefs of Police
d.
1964 Civil Rights Act
19. Before the 1940s, no black police officers worked in the Deep South; they were eliminated from the hiring process
because they:
a.
posed a threat to white supremacy.
b.
did not have a high school diploma.
c.
were involved in too many use-of-force issues.
d.
refused to work under white commanders.
20. What organization represented African American police officers in New York City?
a.
Guardian Angels
b.
Guardians' Association
c.
American Civil Liberties Union
d.
African American Equalization Association
21. According to the text, which of the following is not an example of discrimination against African-American police
officers in the early 1900s?
a.
only assigned to patrol black neighborhoods
b.
were not allowed to arrest whites
c.
establishment of job-related standards
d.
chances of promotion to higher ranks were limited
22. Alice Stebbins Wells was the first woman appointed to the ____________________ Police Department.
a.
Dallas
b.
New York
c.
Los Angeles
d.
Chicago
23. The book Black in Blue found that black police officers suffered from:
a.
double marginality.
b.
double taxability.
c.
singular marginality.
d.
all of these choices.
24. In the early 1900s, policewomen were often called ____________________ and were employed to bring order and
assistance to the lives of women and children.
a.
city mothers
b.
mother McCredies
c.
matrons
d.
mother superiors
25. Which of the following is not a reason for the recent disappearance of institutional discrimination against African
Americans in police departments, according to Stephen Leinen?
a.
legal events of the civil rights era
b.
the urban riots of the 1960s
c.
efforts of black police officer organizations
d.
social and political events of the civil rights era
26. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was designed to prohibit job discrimination based on all but which of the
following?
a.
race and color
b.
sexual orientation
c.
national origin
d.
gender
27. The most prevalent form of discrimination has been:
a.
separate job titles.
b.
disparate recruiting.
c.
de facto discrimination.
d.
standard discrimination.
28. A substantially different rate of selection resulting from hiring, promotion, and other employment decisions that work
to the disadvantage of members of a particular race, gender, or ethnic group is called:
a.
reverse discrimination.
b.
reverse impact.
c.
cultural discrimination.
d.
adverse impact.
29. The 1971 Supreme Court case that established the concept that hiring requirements must be job related was:
a.
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka.
b.
Brown v. Mississippi.
c.
Griggs v. Duke Power Company.
d.
United States v. Paradise.
30. The concept that employers must take active steps to ensure equal employment opportunity and to redress past
discrimination is called:
a.
reverse discrimination.
b.
adverse impact.
c.
affirmative action.
d.
de facto opportunity.
31. One of the most controversial methods of ending job discrimination is:
a.
reverse employment.
b.
affirmative action.
c.
de facto hiring.
d.
equal employment opportunity.
32. An agreement between parties in a court action before, and instead of, a decision by a judge is called a:
a.
consent agreement.
b.
consent decree.
c.
lawsuit.
d.
modus operandi.
33. The academic studies of women on patrol indicate that women:
a.
can perform patrol duties as well as men can.
b.
perform in a less satisfactory manner than men on patrol.
c.
perform as well as men on patrol but only when teamed with a male partner.
d.
usually do not want to work patrol.
34. Which of the following is not consistent with the findings of Professor Sean Grennan in his study of patrol teams in
New York City?
a.
There were no basic differences between the way males and females working as a patrol team reacted to
violent confrontations.
b.
Female police officers, in most cases, were far more emotionally stable than their male counterparts.
c.
Female officers were more likely to calm a potentially violent situation.
d.
Female officers were more likely to suffer on-the-job injuries.
35. Kristen Leger found that there has been a growing acceptance by the public for ____________________ in the law
enforcement role.
a.
women
b.
Hispanics
c.
African Americans
d.
gay people
36. A Bureau of Justice Statistics publication reported that in 2007, ____________________ percent of sworn personnel
in local police departments were women.
a.
11.9
b.
15.3
c.
3.9
d.
21.2
37. According to the Department of Justice, ____________________ percent of sworn personnel in local police
departments in 2007 were African Americans.
a.
19.5
b.
22.7
c.
11.9
d.
l.8
38. The Equal Employment Opportunity Act (EEOA) of 1972:
a.
expanded the jurisdiction and strengthened the powers of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
(EEOC).
b.
allowed employees of state and local governments to file employment discrimination suits with the Equal
Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC).
c.
made the provisions of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, including Title VII, applicable to state and local
governments
d.
all of these choices
39. Which of the following cities has actively recruited openly gay police officers and has a large number of openly gay
officers relative to the city’s population?
a.
San Francisco
b.
Milwaukee
c.
San Diego
d.
Key West
40. Until the 1970s, it was presumed that women were not as capable of performing the same type of patrol duty as men
because:
a.
of their gender and size.
b.
they could not testify in court.
c.
they were not good drivers.
d.
they would side with women in domestic disputes.
41. Which of the following terms refers to the simultaneous expectation by white officers that African-American officers
will give members of their own race better treatment and hostility from members of the African-American community
who consider black officers to be traitors to their race?
a.
double marginality.
b.
de facto discrimination.
c.
adverse impact.
d.
reverse discrimination.
42. A study conducted by James David in Texas and Oklahoma revealed that arrest rates for men and women police
officers are:
a.
almost identical.
b.
slightly higher for men.
c.
significantly higher for women.
d.
slightly higher for women.
43. The National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders is also known as the:
a.
Warren Commission.
b.
O’Connor Commission.
c.
Kerner Commission.
d.
Johnson Commission.
44. Which Constitutional Amendment is the primary instrument governing employment equality, as well as all equality, in
U.S. society?
a.
First Amendment
b.
Second Amendment
c.
Fourteenth Amendment
d.
Twenty-First Amendment
45. Title ____________________ of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was designed to prohibit all job discrimination based on
race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.
a.
I
b.
III
c.
IV
d.
VII
46. What act was established with the goal of assisting local governments in reducing the incidence of crime by increasing
the effectiveness, fairness, and coordination of law enforcement and the criminal justice system?
a.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
b.
Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968
c.
Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972
d.
Civil Rights Act of 1991
47. _______________ discrimination is the indirect result of policies or practices that are not intended to discriminate but
do, in fact, discriminate.
a.
De facto
b.
By-product
c.
Reverse
d.
Circumlocutory
48. The Indianapolis Police Department assigned ____________________ and ____________________ to patrol in 1968.
They were the first females to be armed, wear a uniform, and drive a marked car on an equal basis with men.
a.
Lari Rollings; Jenny White
b.
Melissa Idol; Cynthia Lockhart
c.
Susan Smith; Jamie Wilson
d.
Betty Blankenship; Elizabeth Coffal
49. What was the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Ricci v. DeStefano?
a.
The city’s decision to invalidate the promotion test violated Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
b.
The city did not violate any constitutional protections.
c.
The city approved an invalid test due to disparate impact, so the court reversed the decision of the district
court.
d.
The city was in violation of the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 for discriminating against
African-American employees who took the promotion exam.
50. ____________________ agencies tend to lead the way with the employment of Asian Americans in law enforcement.
a.
Texas
b.
California
c.
New York
d.
Arizona
51. _____ is the unequal treatment of persons in personnel decisions (hiring, promotion, and firing) on the basis of their
race, religion, national origin, gender, or sexual orientation.
52. The __________ was enacted with the goal of assisting local governments in reducing the incidence of crime by
increasing the effectiveness, fairness, and coordination of law enforcement and the criminal justice system.
53. In the early days of female policing, women were normally used in only three actual police-related jobs. They were
__________, __________, and __________.
54. __________________ is the simultaneous expectation by white officers that African-American officers will give
members of their own race better treatment and hostility that African-American officers receive from the African-
American community because they are perceived as traitors to their race.
55. The _______________ Amendment to the U.S. Constitution governs employment equality in U.S. society.
56. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited all job discrimination based on: __________, __________, __________,
__________, or __________
57. The __________ extended the 1964 Civil Rights Act and made its provisions applicable to state and local
governments.
58. The first important job discrimination case was __________.
59. __________ is the indirect result of policies or practices that are not intended to discriminate but do, in fact,
discriminate.
60. If the majority of females fail a test while the vast majority of males pass it, that exam can be said to have a(n)
__________ on females.
61. In __________, the court ruled that the Baltimore Police Department’s height requirement of 5 feet 7 inches was a
prima facie case of sex discrimination.
62. Previous forms of physical ability testing for police jobs generally have been replaced by __________ tests.
63. The job analysis must include the __________, __________, and abilities needed to perform the tasks of the job for
which they are being tested.
64. __________ means that employers must take active steps to ensure equal employment opportunity and to redress past
discrimination.
65. One of the most disturbing concepts behind the affirmative action movement, and possibly the most disturbing
concept to many, is the establishment of __________.
66. In the past, some agencies have forced _____________ officers to take sick leave or to go to a limited-duty
assignment despite their desires.
67. ________________ continue to be faced with stereotypes that people, both other officers and community members,
hold but do not vocalize.
68. Discuss the many ways that African Americans and women have been discriminated against in policing.
69. Describe the methods used by women and other minorities to earn their proper place in U.S. police departments.
70. Detail the case of Griggs v. Duke Power Company and explain the impact that this case has had on police hiring.
71. What percentage of our police departments today consists of women? African Americans? Hispanics? How do these
numbers compare to earlier years?
72. Describe the role the federal government played in removing equal employment opportunity barriers to women and
minorities in policing.
73. How have police standards and testing procedures changed in recent years to enable more women and minorities to
enter policing?
74. How effective are women as patrol officers as compared to their male counterparts?
75. How have affirmative action policies affected white males in hiring and promotional policies?
76. Discuss the problems women and other minorities still face in policing.
77. Detail the Pregnancy Discrimination Act (PDA) and explain its impact on how police departments handle female
officers who are pregnant.
78. The most controversial method of ending job discrimination is the concept of affirmative action. How has
affirmative action affected the police force? Do you agree with affirmative action? Do affirmative action plans
and quotas lead to reverse discrimination? Use scenarios to support your answers.
