Chapter 7—Biotechnology
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Restriction enzymes
a.
are used to extract DNA from human cells.
b.
hold the two strands together in DNA molecules.
c.
help initiate transcription.
d.
cut DNA at specific sites.
e.
splice DNA fragments together.
2. Golden rice carries genes which cause it to synthesize
a.
beta-carotene.
b.
insulin.
c.
human growth hormone.
d.
vitamin A.
e.
Factor VIII.
3. Many people with diabetes must take insulin. Most take
a.
natural insulin isolated from humans who overproduce the protein.
b.
natural insulin isolated from pigs and cows.
c.
synthetic insulin produced through the use of recombinant DNA technology.
d.
natural insulin produced in plants.
e.
synthetic insulin isolated from transgenic humans.
4. Plasmids
a.
are circular DNA molecules present in many bacteria.
b.
are a large linear DNA molecule isolated from bacteria.
c.
are bacterial cells containing recombinant DNA molecules.
d.
are transgenic animals.
e.
cannot be cut with restriction enzymes.
5. “Sticky ends”
a.
result from DNA replication.
b.
are only present in circular molecules.
c.
are regions of double-stranded DNA..
d.
form when recombinant DNA molecules are formed.
e.
are the single-stranded regions at the ends of DNA fragments.
6. Which of the following statements about recombinant DNA is true?
a.
Recombinant DNA techniques often make use of restriction enzymes.
b.
Recombinant DNA molecules are formed when a DNA molecule attaches to the bacterial
cell wall.
c.
Recombinant DNA molecules always contain human DNA.
d.
Recombinant DNA molecules result when DNA is transcribed.
e.
Recombinant DNA molecules are formed when DNA from at least three different
organisms are joined together.
7. Which of the following statements is NOT true about transgenic organisms?
a.
Transgenic plants carry a gene from another species.
b.
Transgenic organisms can potentially help produce unlimited amounts of specific proteins.
c.
Proteins can be extracted from transgenic organisms for use in treating disease.
d.
Transgenic animals can serve as animal models for human diseases.
e.
The only transgenic organisms produced so far have been plants.
8. Restriction enzymes
a.
are proteins isolated from certain strains of bacteria that can repair DNA.
b.
are enzymes that attach to and cut DNA at specific sequences.
c.
recognize and bind to any random sequence in the DNA.
d.
are molecules that can help DNA move across the cell wall and enter the bacterial cells.
e.
only act on DNA isolated from bacteria.
9. Which of the following characteristics of transgenic crop is FALSE?
a.
The specific genes present in the transgenic plant can originate in another plant.
b.
One or more new genes are used to give a transgenic plant a unique trait or ability.
c.
Some transgenic plants are resistant to herbicides.
d.
Transferred genes can increase the nutritional value of crops.
e.
Most transgenic crops planted in the US in 2006 were modified to increase their
nutritional value.
10. Currently, the benefits of transgenic crops include all of the following EXCEPT
a.
resistance to insects.
b.
production of human proteins in large quantities.
c.
raising the increased nutritional value of crops.
d.
resistance to viral or fungal diseases.
e.
turning modification of weeds into crops.
11. Transgenic animals can be used to study human diseases because
a.
all disease-causing genes found in humans are also present in animals.
b.
moving human genes into animals allows us to determine the function of those genes in a
completely different genetic environment.
c.
drugs that are effective on transgenic organisms are possible treatments for humans.
d.
all human diseases naturally occur in mice.
e.
the diseases in animals are very different from the diseases in humans so they provide a
good contrast for study.
12. Transgenic animal models can be used for
a.
studying the development and progression of a disease.
b.
developing and testing drugs that hopefully will cure or treat the animal model of the
human disease.
c.
acting as model organisms with symptoms that mirror those in humans.
d.
producing drugs that will be used to treat human diseases.
e.
All of these are uses for transgenic animals.
13. Valuable contributions of recombinant technology include
a.
production of clotting factors for treating patients with hemophilia.
b.
production of recombinant insulin for treating diabetic patients.
c.
increasing the number of organs available for transplant.
d.
production of human growth hormone in large quantities.
e.
All of these are valuable contributions of recombinant technology.
14. Before recombinant DNA techniques became available, human growth hormone was
a.
isolated from children who produced excessive amounts of the hormone.
b.
recovered from pituitary glands removed from human cadavers.
c.
recovered from cow blood.
d.
collected from many sources, such as slaughterhouses.
e.
isolated from chicken eggs.
15. Which of the following statements is FALSE about transgenic organisms?
a.
Transgenic bacteria, plants, and animals can be created using recombinant DNA
techniques.
b.
Transgenic organisms are used in agriculture, industry, and medicine.
c.
Transgenic animals have been created for use as animal models to study human diseases.
d.
When transgenic animals and plants are developed, they have been genetically altered,
e.
Transgenic organisms are only produced as models of human diseases.
16. In the United States, during the period between 1996 and 2006,
a.
the use of herbicide tolerant transgenic crops showed the greatest increase.
b.
there was a dramatic decrease in the use of transgenic crops.
c.
the use of insect resistant transgenic crops showed the greatest increase.
d.
the use of some types of transgenic crops increased while the use of others decreased.
e.
the planting of transgenic crops was banned.
17. In the United States, during the period between 1996 and 2006, the most common typess of transgenic
crops
a.
were tolerant of chemical weed killers.
b.
were resistant to insects.
c.
were resistant to bacterial infection.
d.
were resistant to viral diseases.
e.
had increased nutritional value.
19. Embryonic stem cells
a.
have the same properties as adult stem cells.
b.
are pluripotent.
c.
are isolated from various tissues.
d.
have been used for several decades to treat diseases.
e.
are multipotent.
20. Adult stem cells
a.
have the same properties as embryonic stem cells.
b.
are pluripotent.
c.
are isolated from developing embryos.
d.
have not been used to treat diseases.
e.
are multipotent.
21. Stem cells have been used to treat certain leukemias for decades. These stem cells are
a.
isolated from donated blood.
b.
pluripotent.
c.
isolated from developing embryos.
d.
capable of becoming many different types of cells.
e.
multipotent.
22. Gene therapy
a.
clinical trials have all been successful.
b.
requires the use of embryonic stem cells.
c.
can be accomplished using adult stem cells.
d.
attempts to provide patients with normal copies of mutant genes.
e.
can only to be used to treat cancer patients.
23. Huntington disease (HD) transgenic mice
a.
carry two copies of the human allele for HD.
b.
have a single copy of the mouse HD gene.
c.
are used to study changes in brain structure during the early stages of the disease.
d.
are not useful for identifying possible drug treatments because the mice respond to drugs
differently from humans.
e.
are especially important for the study of the late stages of the disease.
24. Human growth hormone
a.
can be isolated from the milk of cows.
b.
is only used to treat children.
c.
is only used to treat adults.
d.
has been approved by the FDA so that anyone who wants to can use it.
e.
is always produced at sufficient levels in humans.
25. To produce herbicide-resistant transgenic crops,
a.
a human gene was inserted into the plant genome.
b.
traditional breeding techniques were used.
c.
proteins were isolated and purified from cows’ milk.
d.
a bacterial gene was inserted into the plant genome.
e.
genes from other plants were introduced into the plant genome.
26. Before biotechnology was used, the main problem with clotting factor isolated from donated blood
was
a.
there was too little clotting factor present in each sample.
b.
contamination by HIV.
c.
clotting factor from one individual would not work in another individual.
d.
contamination by bacteria.
e.
the process led to destruction of the factor.
TRUE/FALSE
1. Recombinant DNA is created when DNA from two or more different organisms is joined together.
2. A transgenic organism is an animal or plant that carries a gene from another species.
3. Transgenic plants have been developed with resistance to herbicides, insects, and viral, bacterial, and
fungal diseases.
75
4. As gene transfer technology becomes more sophisticated, novel combinations of traits may be
developed, requiring specific management plans.
5. Humans have only been able to genetically modify agricultural plants and animals since recombinant
DNA technology was developed.
6. Animal models can be used to screen drugs to identify those that improve symptoms of different
diseases.
7. Embryonic stem cells can only form a limited number of cell types.
8. Currently, adult stem cells can only form a limited number of cell types.
9. Currently, the most common form of stem cell therapy uses adult stem cells.
10. Currently, gene therapy is a common form of treatment for many genetic disorders.
MATCHING
Match the appropriate term to the correct description.
a.
An animal or plant that carries a gene from another species
b.
Important source of organs for transplants
c.
An animal model for cancer
d.
Proteins that cut DNA in specific places
e.
Source for the production of human growth hormone
f.
Beta-carotene
g.
Carrier molecules used in recombinant DNA technology
h.
An animal model for immune deficiency disorders
1. Transgenic pigs
2. OncoMouse
3. Transgenic tobacco
4. Rhino mouse
5. Vectors
6. Transgenic organisms
7. Restriction enzyme
8. Golden rice
ESSAY
1. What are restriction enzymes, plasmids, and recombinant DNA molecules? Describe the steps
involved in the production of recombinant DNA molecules.
2. What are GM crops? Describe the advantages and concerns with the use of these crops.
Chapter 7 – Biotechnology
SHORT ANSWER
1. What advantages has biotechnology provided over previous methods to produce genetically modified
crops?
2. Distinguish between embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. Make sure to include information on
the source of each cell, potential to form different cell types, and their current and potential uses.
3. What is gene therapy? What are technical problems that must be overcome before gene therapy
becomes a common treatment for genetic diseases?