Chapter 7 What are the principles of archaeological typology?

subject Type Homework Help
subject Pages 10
subject Words 1736
subject Textbook Archaeology 7th Edition
subject Authors David Hurst Thomas, Robert L. Kelly
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1.Afterexcavation,recoveredartifactsmustbeconserved.Conservationcaninvolve:​
a.​asimplecleaningoftheartifacts.
b.​stabilizationofartifactstopreventdecomposition.
c.reconstructionofartifacts,suchasbrokenpotteryvessels.
d.​Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
2.Theclassificationofartifactsintotypesthatorganizeandsimplifyartifactvariabilityistermed:​
a.​attributeanalysis.
b.​typology.
c.​phasedesignation.
d.​componentdesignation.
3.Aclassofarchaeologicalartifactsdefinedbyaconsistentclusteringofcharacteristicsisa(n):​
a.​type.
b.​attribute.
c.​component.
d.​phase.
4.Whichofthefollowingistrueofarchaeologicaltypes?​
a.​Archaeologicaltypesareassignedwiththegoalinmindofclassifyingobjectsinthesamewaythatprehistoric
populationswouldhaveclassifiedthem.
b.​Archaeologicaltypesareabstractions;thesameobjectcouldbeclassifiedinmanydifferentways.
c.​Themostusefularchaeologicaltypesarebasedonsimilaritiesinmorphology.
d.​Themostusefularchaeologicaltypesarebasedonsimilaritiesinfunction.
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5.Adescriptiveandabstractgroupingofindividualartifactswhosefocusisonoverallsimilarityratherthanfunctionor
chronologicalsignificanceisa:​
a.​temporaltype.
b.​functionaltype.
c.​morphologicaltype.
d.​stylistictype.
6.YouareexcavatingasiteintheGreatBasinandyoufindastratumthatcontainsonlyElkopoints.Thisindicatesto
youthatthestratumdatestoaparticularperiod.TheElkopoint,inthisexample,canbereferredtoasa(n):​
a.​functionaltype.
b.​temporaltype.
c.​seriatedtype.
d.​morphologicaltype.
7.Ifceramicvesselsaregroupedtogetherbasedonthefacttheywereallusedasstoragecontainers,inspiteofthe
factthatdesignelementsindicatetheyarefromdifferenttimeperiods,thentheyhavebeengroupedaccordingto:​
a.​functionaltype.
b.​morphologicaltype.
c.​temporaltype.
d.​space-timesystematics.
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8.Agoodtypologywill:​
a.​minimizedifferenceswithineachcreatedtypeandmaximizedifferencesbetweeneachtype.
b.​maximizedifferenceswithineachcreatedtypeandminimizedifferencesbetweeneachtype.
c.​resultinabundantoverlapbetweentypes.
d.​onlybereplicablebythearchaeologistwhocreatedit.
9.ThegoaloftheGatecliffprojectilepointtypologywas:​
a.​todistinguishbetweenarrowanddartpoints(inotherwords,todeterminefunctionaldifferences).
b.​todeterminedifferencesinthefrequenciesofrawmaterialtypesusedinprojectilepointmanufacturethrough
time.
c.​todefinetemporaltypesthatcouldthenbeusedtoestimatetheageofsurfaceassemblages.
d.​Noneoftheanswers;theGateclifftypologyhadnogoalandillustratestheproblemsinherentintypologies
thatarenotassociatedwithparticularresearchquestions.
10.Ifyouaredefiningmeasurableorobservablequalitiesorcharacteristicsofanartifactthatdistinguishitfromanother
onthebasisofitssize,surfacetexture,form,material,methodofmanufacture,ordesignpattern,youaredefining:​
a.​theFrisonEffect.
b.​projectilepointtypes.
c.​components.
d.​attributes.
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11.Thenumberofattributesrecordedduringartifactanalysis:​
a.​islimitedbythenumberofmeasurementspossible,whichisgenerallyveryfew.
b.​isgenerallylimitedtothosethatarenecessarytoaccomplishthepurposeofthetypology.
c.​isgenerallylimitedtothosethatprovideanaccuratedescriptionofartifactsize,suchaslength,width,and
thickness.
d.​isgenerallyasmanyaspossible,sothatfutureanalystswillnothavetore-examinetheartifactstoobtainthe
datatheyneedtoanswerdifferentresearchquestions.
12.Whichofthefollowingmeasurementscouldprovideusefulinformationaboutanartifact’ssize?​
a.​Length
b.​Width
c.​Weight
d.​Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
13.The“FrisonEffect”explainsthechangeintheshapeofstonetoolsasaresultof:​
a.​differentculturalgroupsoccupyingthesamesiteatdifferenttimes.
b.​differentmentaltemplatesofdifferentflintknapperswithinthesameculturalgroup.
c.​toolresharpening.
d.​differencesinstonetooltypologies.
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14.ThetypologyoftheFrencharchaeologistFrançoisBordesclassifiedMousteriantoolsinto63typeswhich
occurredinsetfrequencies,creatingfourfundamentalpatterns.Bordesarguedthatthesefourpatternsreflected
fourdifferentculturalgroupsofNeanderthals.Bordes’typology:​
a.​assumedthatthestonetoolswereintheirfinalintendedform,ratherthaninformsthatresultedfrom
resharpening.
b.​wascompletelywrong,illustratinghowpoorlyconstructedtypologiescanleadaresearcherastray.
c.​hasstoodthetestoftime;different“tribes”ofNeanderthalsarestillthoughttohavebeenresponsibleforthe
differentpatternsofMousterianartifacts.
d.​categorizedmorphologicalvariationimproperly;propercategorizationwouldhaveresultedinacorrect
interpretationoftheassemblages.
15.ThemorphologicalprojectilepointtypesdefinedatGatecliffbecametemporaltypeswhen:​
a.​surfaceprojectilepointfindscorrespondedtopointtypesfoundinstratifieddeposits.
b.​aseriesofradiocarbondatesdeterminedthegeologicalsequenceatGatecliff,andtimerangescouldthenbe
assignedtotheprojectilepointtypes.
c.​dendrochronologicaldatingassignedexactyearstoprojectilepointtypes.
d.​thermoluminescencedatedthestratifieddepositsinwhichthedifferentprojectilepointswerediscovered.
16.WhichofthefollowingdoweknowtobetrueaboutDesertSide-notchedpointsandCottonwoodTriangular
points?​
a.​Theybothpost-dateAD1300.
b.​DesertSide-notchedpointsweredesignedforhuntingbighornsheep,whileCottonwoodTriangularpoints
weredesignedforhuntingrabbits.
c.​CottonwoodTriangularpointswereunfinished,intendedtobelaternotched,whileDesertSide-notched
pointswerealreadyfinished.
d.​EachrepresentsadifferentculturalgrouplivingsidebysideatGatecliff.
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17.Anarchaeologicalcultureis:​
a.​thesamethingasanethnographicculture.
b.​anaccuratereflectionofhowprehistoricpeopleviewedthemselves.
c.​aregionwithinacultureareawhosematerialculturedifferedfromthatofotherregions.
d.​Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
18.Archaeologistsdivideprehistoryintoperiodsbasedon:​
a.​theappearanceofanewculturalgroupintheareaofinterest.
b.​theappearanceoftradegoodsandexoticrawmaterialtypesthatindicateinteractionbetweengroups.
c.​changesinaculture’sideology,asreflectedinceremonialitems.
d.​changesinobservablematerialculture,suchashouseform,pottery,orsubsistence.
19.Whichofthefollowingistrueofarchaeologicalphases?​
a.​Theyaredefinedbytemporaltypes.
b.​Theyareblocksoftimecharacterizedbyoneormoredistinctiveartifacttypes.
c.​Theyfurtherdivideandrefinearchaeologicalperiods.
d.​Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
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20.Ifyouareanalyzingacollectionofartifactsofoneorseveralclassesofmaterials(stonetools,ceramics,bones)that
comesfromadefinedcontextsuchasasite,feature,orstratum,youareanalyzinga(n):​
a.​component.
b.​assemblage.
c.​phase.
d.​period.
21.Ifyouareexcavatingaculturallyhomogeneousstratumorsetofstratawithinasinglesite,youareexcavatinga(n):​
a.component.
b.​assemblage.
c.​temporaltype.
d.​period.
22.Indiscussingtemporaltypes,thetextmentionedCottonwoodTriangularprojectilepoints,whichareessentiallyun-
notchedDesertSide-notchedpoints.WhywereCottonwoodTriangularpointsleftun-notched?​
a.​Theywere“wararrows,”leftun-notchedsothattheywouldremaininabodyevenaftertheshaftwaspulled
out.
b.​Theywereunfinished,intendedtobelaternotched.
c.​Theyweremadebynovicesorchildrenwhowerenotadeptatnotchingpoints.
d.​Noneoranyoftheabove;wedonotknowforcertainwhytheywereleftun-notched.
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23.Totallength,axiallength,maximumwidth,basalwidth,maximumthickness,midsectionthickness,proximalshoulder
angle,notchopening,andneckwidthareexamplesofprojectilepoint:​
a.​phases.
b.​components.
c.​attributes.
d.​types.
24.WhichofthefollowingGreatBasinprojectilepointseriesarearrangedinthecorrectchronologicalorderfrom
youngesttooldest?​
a.​DesertSide-notched,Rosegateseries,ElkoCorner-notched,GatecliffContractingStem.
b.​Rosegateseries,ElkoCorner-notched,GatecliffContractingStem,CottonwoodTriangular.
c.​GatecliffContractingStem,ElkoCorner-notched,DesertSide-notched,Rosegateseries.
d.​CottonwoodTriangular,ElkoCorner-notched,Rosegateseries,DesertSide-notched.
25.Ifthefrequenciesofmorphologicaltypeschangesignificantlythroughtime,andcanbedemonstratedtobe
restrictedintime,themorphologicaltypescanbealsobeusefulas:​
a.​evidenceofmigrationandsubsequentpopulationreplacement.
b.​evidenceofashiftinancientpeoples’“mentaltemplates.”
c.​temporaltypes.
d.​functionaltypes.
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26.Whyisanunderstandingofspace-timesystematicsacrucialfirststepinunderstandingwhypeopledidwhatthey
didinthepast?​
a.​Space-timesystematicsautomaticallyexplainswhyprehistorytookthecoursethatitdid;inotherwords,
explanatoryhypothesesarebuiltintospace-timesystematics.
b.​Researchquestionsgeneratedbyspace-timesystematicsareeasilyansweredbecausethenecessarydata
havealreadybeencollected.
c.​Itisimpossibletounderstandwhycultureschangewithoutfirstdocumentingtemporalandspatialchangein
artifacttypes.
d.​Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
27.Whichofthefollowingistrueofthespace-timesystematicsofNorthAmericanarchaeology?​
a.​Space-timesystematicsisstillthemainfocusofarchaeologicalresearch,asbasicspatialandtemporal
changesinmaterialcultureremainundocumentedformuchofNorthAmerica.
b.​Space-timesystematicshasbeenlargelyworkedout,andnolongerpreoccupiesarchaeologyasitdidinthe
firsthalfofthe20thcentury.
c.​Space-timesystematicsisnotveryusefulforNorthAmericanarchaeology,becausematerialculture
remainedunchangedforlongperiodsoftimeinmanyplaces.
d.​Whilespace-timesystematicshasdominatedEuropeanarchaeologyforthepastcentury,itsutilityforNorth
Americanarchaeologyisjustnowbeingrecognized.
28.WhichofthefollowingisknowntobetrueofShoshonepottery?​
a.​ItappearssuddenlyinmanypartsoftheDesertWestataboutAD1300andsimilarpotteryismanufactured
untilaboutAD1860.
b.​ThepotterywasintroducedbyamigratingShoshonepopulationthatreplacedexistingdesertpopulations.
c.​TheshifttopotterymanufacturebyShoshonepeoplewasadirectresultofchangingenvironmental
conditionsthatmadeceramicvesselsmoreefficient.
d.​Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
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29.CharacteristicsoftheMousteriancultureinclude:​
a.​aculturefromtheMiddlePaleolithicperiod.
b.​appearedthroughoutEuropebetween30,000and10,000yearsago.
c.​mousterianartifactsarefrequentlyassociatedwithNeanderthalhumanremains.
d.​bothaculturefromtheMiddlePaleolithicperiodandmousterianartifactsarefrequentlyassociatedwith
Neanderthalhumanremains.
30.ThefollowingwereconcernsregardingtheexcavationandconservationoftheHunley:​
a.​thelocationoftheHunleywasamysteryuntilamagnetometerwasusedtolocateit.
b.​theshipwouldhavequicklycorrodedunlessitwassprayedwithwaterafteritwasraised.
c.​keepingthecarbonatelayerintactwascriticaltothepreservationofthevessel.
d.​Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
31.Archaeologydiffersfromethnologyinthatarchaeology​
a.​studiesculturalevolutionandculturechangeoveracenturyortwo.
b.​canaddresstheentirehistoryofhumanity.
c.​dealswiththespaceofcontinentsorhemispheres.
d.​canaddresstheentirehistoryofhumanityanddealswiththespaceofcontinentsorhemispheres.
32.Thenovice’sfirstjobinthelabofanarchaeologicalinvestigationisalmostoften​
a.​piecingtogetherceramics.
b.​writingdownminutenumberonartifactsorlabelsandenteringtheinformationintoadatabase.
c.​analyzingpollenorresiduesofblood,plants,orothermaterials.
d.​reconstructionofskeletalremains.
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33.Typologyis/are​
a.​thesystematicarrangementofmaterialcultureintotypes.
b.​thecataloguedartifactsinamuseum.
c.anothertermforstoneartifacts.
d.​aformofconservationtechnique.
34.Thedelineationofpatternsinmaterialculturethroughtimeandspaceandthepatternsofwhicharewhatthe
archaeologistwilleventuallytrytoexplainoraccountforisreferredtoas​
a.​types.
b.​context.
c.​matrix.
d.​space-timesystematic.
35.Inatypologyabstract,descriptivepropertiesarecalled​
a.​morphologicaltypes.
b.​temporaltypes.
c.​functionaltypes.
d.​artifacttypes.
36.Attributesare​
a.​measurableandobservablequalitiesofanobject.
b.​differenceslikesizeandnotchposition.
c.​finitecharacteristicswithsetrulesgoverningtheirnumber.
d.​measurableandobservablequalitiesofanobject,suchassizeandnotchposition.
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37.StonetoolsfoundinNeanderthalcavesites,dividedinto63types,includingavarietyofpoints,scrapers,knives,
handaxes,anddenticulatesaretermed​
a.​Bordes,aftertheFrencharchaeologist.
b.​Mousterian.
c.​Dibble,aftertheUniversityofPennsylvaniainvestigator.
d.​Proximal.
38.Theconceptofcultureareas​
a.​hasrootsinthelatenineteenthcentury.
b.​isusheredinwithNewArchaeologyinthe1960s.
c.​wasfirstoutlinedinPhillips’influentialbook,MethodandTheoryinAmericanArchaeology(1958).
d.​isbasedontheunderstandingofCottonwoodTriangularpoints.
39.Phasesareatermarchaeologistsusetoreferto​
a.​culturallyhomogeneousunitswithinasinglesite.
b.​archeologicalcultures.
c.​basicarchaeologicalbuildingblocksforregionalsynthesis.
d.​temporaltypes.
40.Theprinciplesofarchaeologicaltypologyinclude:​
a.​creatinggroupsbasedononeormoreattributesthatmaximizedifferenceswithineachgroup.
b.​creatinggroupsbasedononeormoreattributesthatminimizedifferenceswithineachgroup.
c.​usingsubjectiveandnonreplicableprocesses.
d.​being“correct.”
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41.Conservationandcatalogingofartifactsafterexcavationisverytimeconsuming;asaruleofthumb,archaeologists
spend3to5weeksormorecleaning,conserving,andcatalogingforeveryweekspentexcavating.​
a.True
b.False
42.Afunctionaltypeisamorphologicaltypethathasspecificchronologicalmeaningforaparticularregion.​
a.True
b.False
43.Ifyouweredevelopingalithictypologybasedonattributessuchasshape(e.g.,corner-notchedversusside-
notchedprojectilepoints),youwouldbeusingmorphologicaltypes.​
a.True
b.False
44.Temporaltypeshelpdefinethephasesthatthenbecomethebasicslicesoftimethatarchaeologistsuseto
reconstructthepast.​
a.True
b.False
45.Ifyouweredevelopingastonetooltypologybasedonattributessuchastheobject’suse(i.e.scrapervs.projectile
point),youwouldbeusingfunctionaltypes.​
a.True
b.False
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46.Temporaltypesaremorphologicaltypesthathavebeenempiricallydemonstratedtospanaspecificperiodoftime.​
a.True
b.False
47.Projectilepointtypesareusuallynamedafterthearchaeologistwhodiscoveredthem.​
a.True
b.False
48.MousterianartifactsarefrequentlyassociatedwiththeremainsofHomoerectus.​
a.True
b.False
49.Anarchaeologicalcultureisthesamethingasanethnographicculture.
a.True
b.False
50.Archaeologicalphasesarethesameacrosslargegeographicregionsandlargespansoftime.​
a.True
b.False
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51.Morphologicaltypesbecomeusefultemporaltypesiftheirfrequencieschangesignificantlythroughtimeandthey
arerestrictedinspace.​
a.True
b.False
52.Thereisnosingle“correct”typology.​
a.True
b.False
53.Whatismeantby“space-timesystematics”?Whyarearchaeologistsconcernedwithspace-timesystematics?Why
arearchaeologistsinauniquepositiontoaddressspace-timesystematics?​
54.Whathappenstoartifactsaftertheyhavebeenexcavated?Describewhatisinvolvedintheprocessesof
conservationandcataloging.Arethesegenerallytime-consumingprocesses?Whyorwhynot?​
55.Whatisanarchaeologicaltype?Whyaretypesusefulforarchaeologists?Whatisatypology?Whyaretypologies
created?Whatmakesatypologyagoodorusefultypology?​
56.Whatarethedifferencesbetweenmorphologicaltypes,temporaltypes,andfunctionaltypes?Underwhat
conditionscanonetypebecomeusefulasanothertype?Giveanexample.​
57.Whatareartifactattributes?Whyisitnecessarythatartifactattributesbeclearlyandexplicitlydefined?Whatare
attributesusedfor?​
58.Whatisanarchaeologicalphase?Howarephasesdefined?Howarephasesusefultoarchaeologists?Whyare
phasesthebasicunitsofarchaeologicalspace-timesystematics?Howdoesaphasedifferfromacomponent?​
59.Isanarcheologicalculturethesamethingasanethnographicculture?Whyorwhynot?
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60.Whatisthegoalofspace-timesystematics?Whyisthedocumentationofspace-timesystematicsacrucialfirststep
inreconstructingandunderstandingculturalchange?​

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