Unlock document.
This document is partially blurred.
Unlock all pages and 1 million more documents.
Get Access
1. If you wanted to investigate the view that women who commit crime have biological and psychological traits similar to
those of men, which of the following would you investigate?
a.
Masculinity hypothesis
b.
Femininity hypothesis
c.
Biosocial theory
d.
Feminine perspective
2. According to the text, the explanation for the increase in female criminality is a function of some aspect of our society.
What is that function?
a.
Changing role of women
b.
Cultural changes
c.
Political movements
d.
Feminist arguments
3. According to critical feminists, what triggers the onset of female delinquency and deviant behavior?
a.
Capitalism
b.
Abusive upbringing
c.
Exploitation
d.
Changing role of women
4. It is reported that according to Messerschmidt, males in every culture try to emulate ideal masculine behaviors. In what
culture, according to the text, are masculine behaviors considered authoritative, in charge, combative, and controlling?
a.
Western
b.
Asian
c.
Middle Eastern
d.
European
5. Alicia suggested that girls are socialized to be passive, which helps explain their low crime rate. What type of theorist
is Alicia?
a.
Critical
b.
Social
c.
Biosocial
d.
Psychodynamic
6. Throughout the history of the juvenile justice system, what behaviors were girls more likely to be punished for as
opposed to actual delinquency?
a.
Running away
b.
Cursing
c.
Immorality
d.
Substance abuse
7. Once in the system, what do females receive differently compared with their male counterparts?
a.
More space
b.
More equipment
c.
More benefits and services
d.
Fewer benefits and services
8. What do some experts suggest regarding the differences in brain organization in males and females?
a.
Females are more left brain–oriented and males are more right brain–oriented
b.
Males are more left brain–oriented and females are more right brain–oriented
c.
Males and females are equally left brain–oriented
d.
Males and females are equally right brain–oriented
9. Males self-report more engagement in hunting than do females. How many more times did males report hunting than
did females according to the self-report studies?
a.
Three
b.
Five
c.
Six
d.
Ten
10. On what is the development process for gender differences based, according to Maccoby?
a.
Biology differences combined with individual personalities
b.
Socialization of youth within families
c.
Individual personalities
d.
The manner in which youth socialize and how relationships are structured
11. Rosalind wants to research the theory that asserts our culture polarizes males and females, thereby forcing them into
exclusive gender roles of “feminine” or “masculine.” Which of the following would Rosalind research?
a.
Chivalry theory
b.
Role theory
c.
Gender-schema theory
d.
Power-control theory
12. Liberal feminism asserts that females are less delinquent than males. What do they assert provides females fewer
opportunities to commit crimes?
a.
Economic position
b.
Maternal roles
c.
Biological development
d.
Social roles
13. Ronda was happy that she had found the love of her life. She and Davida were going to the prom in a month and
needed to go shopping. Thinking she would surprise her, Ronda bought flowers and went to Davida's house. Ronda
caught Davida in bed with another girl from school; Ronda became enraged. Before she knew what she was doing, she
killed Davida and the other girl; what did Ronda more than likely use to kill the two girls?
a.
Handgun
b.
Knife
c.
Blunt instrument
d.
Shotgun
14. Jill's research project for her juvenile justice class found that males and females were basically more alike than they
were different on a number of critical psychological variables. What hypothesis did Jill use?
a.
Gender ideation
b.
Gender links
c.
Gender-schema
d.
Gender similarities
15. What theory holds the view that lower female crime and delinquency rates are a reflection of the leniency with which
police treat female offenders?
a.
Power-control theory
b.
Chivalry hypothesis
c.
Masculinity hypothesis
d.
Gender-schema theory
16. Of the following, which was reported as helping to protect girls at high risk for delinquency from engaging in violent
behavior?
a.
School counselors
b.
Religiosity
c.
Mentors
d.
Safe Harbor Program
17. Yamill was researching early maturation in girls; some of the information she gathered regarded early puberty in girls
and girls who were abandoned by their fathers. What was the link between paternal abandonment and early puberty in
girls Yamill found in her research?
a.
Psychosocial
b.
Psychological
c.
Genetic
d.
Unfounded
18. Which of the following best describe why girls fight in schools?
a.
Strike back at overly controlling structure, gain status
b.
Teacher labeling, strike back at overly controlling structure
c.
Teacher labeling, gain status
d.
Teacher labeling, general sense of hopelessness
19. Scholars who are concerned with gender differences in crime are interested in what distinction between males and
females?
a.
Lifestyles
b.
Psychosocial
c.
Aggression level
d.
Religiosity
20. Ronda was happy that she had found the love of her life. She and Davida were going to the prom in a month and
needed to go shopping. Thinking she would surprise her, Ronda bought flowers and went to Davida's house. Ronda
caught Davida in bed with another girl from school; Ronda became enraged. Before she knew what she was doing, she
killed Davida and the other girl. Ronda's attorney requested several psychological and medical examinations be
conducted prior to trial. It was reported to the attorney that Ronda had an exceedingly high level of a particular hormone
that has been linked to aggression in young women. High levels of which of the following hormones would probably
NOT be linked to Ronda’s aggression?
a.
Androgen
b.
Cortisol
c.
Testosterone
d.
Estrogen
21. Critical feminists also focus on forces that shape women's lives and experiences to explain female delinquency. What
are these forces?
a.
Economic
b.
Political
c.
Social
d.
Academic
22. Which of the following completes this sentence: It has been suggested that females are more likely to engage in
aggressive behavior later in life if in utero they
a.
were exposed to male hormones.
b.
ingested crack.
c.
were not provided proper nutrition.
d.
ingested large quantities of alcohol.
23. One view of gender differences lies in the interaction of three relationships. What are these relationships?
a.
Enculturation, physicality, socialization
b.
Physicality, socialization, enculturation
c.
Socialization, enculturation, learning
d.
Learning, socialization, physicality
24. When compared to males, in what three areas do female juvenile homicide offenders have higher rates?
a.
Reported childhood abuse, serious substance abuse, mental health problems
b.
Serious substance abuse, reported childhood abuse, academic failure
c.
Academic failure, serious substance abuse, reported childhood abuse
d.
Mental health problems, academic failure, serious substance abuse
25. What system values the work of men and devalues the work of women?
a.
Socialist
b.
Patriarchal
c.
Authoritarian
d.
Capitalist
26. The interplay of what three relationships shapes the direction and content of adolescent personal relationships?
a.
Attachment, conflict, gender
b.
Gender, power, conflict
c.
Power, attachment, gender
d.
Conflict, attachment, power
27. What, according to contemporary socialization views, is the key to understanding female delinquency?
a.
Male–female social development
b.
Family interaction
c.
Family structure
d.
Female social development
28. Between what ages did gender differences in aggression become noticeable when children were socialized into
organized groups?
a.
2, and 4
b.
2 and 5
c.
3 and 4
d.
3 and 6
29. During what period of time have researchers found that cognitive differences between males and females appear?
a.
Preschool
b.
Childhood
c.
Adolescence
d.
Teenage
30. Trixie is assigned to research a theory for her juvenile delinquency class; she is also interested in gender and class
structure. She decides she should look for a theory holding the view that gender differences in the delinquency rate are a
function of class differences and economic conditions that influence the structure of family life. Which of the following
should Trixie research?
a.
Gender-schema
b.
Critical feminism
c.
Power-control
d.
Critical-power
31. What do psychologists believe is affected by the way females and males are socialized?
32. Females are more likely than males to respond to anger with what type of feeling?
33. Families in which the husband and wife share similar positions of power at home are indicative of what family type?
34. What theory asserts that our culture polarizes males and females, forcing them into exclusive gender roles of
“feminine” and “masculine?”
35. What two status offenses are girls more likely to be arrested for than boys?
36. According to the text, what did Haynie and Piquero find increased for both boys and girls who reached puberty at an
early age?
37. On what are socialization views based?
38. According to the text, Messerschmidt argues that capitalist society is defined by what two areas?
39. What factor related to criminality is displayed by more males than females?
40. What theory holds that gender differences in the delinquency rate are a function of class differences and economic
conditions that influence the structure of family life?
41. According to the text, what does research indicate about gender differences in cognitive performances?
42. Men from wealthy nations engage in sexual activities with trafficked individuals by traveling to destinations where
women and children are prostituted. What is this called?
43. What is precocious sexuality?
44. What program for girls ages 11 to 14 develops girls' skills to resist pressure to use harmful substances as well as
develop healthy ways to manage stress?
45. What involves violence against women and girls, including such acts as beating, battering, or killing, by a family
member or relative to preserve cultural beliefs?
46. As a general rule, males who are involved in the justice system are sanctioned more severely than females.
a.
True
b.
False
47. Males do better in tasks that require retrieval from long-term memory while females excel in tasks that require visual
image manipulation.
a.
True
b.
False
48. In the contemporary era, the correctional focus remains on the control and micromanagement of girls' bodies and
sexuality.
a.
True
b.
False
49. Gender differences are a result of the interaction of socialization and learning, but not enculturation.
a.
True
b.
False
50. The chivalry hypothesis suggests that women who commit crimes have biological and psychological traits similar to
those of men.
a.
True
b.
False
51. Girls who experience an early onset of physical maturity are most likely to engage in antisocial behavior.
a.
True
b.
False
52. Katharina Dalton concluded that females are more likely to commit suicide and be aggressive and otherwise antisocial
before or during menstruation.
a.
True
b.
False
53. According to some biosocial theorists, gender differences in the delinquency rate can be explained by inborn
differences in aggression.
a.
True
b.
False
54. Lombroso maintained that women were lower on the evolutionary scale than men.
a.
True
b.
False
55. Early biotheorists suspected that premenstrual syndrome was a direct cause of the relatively rare instances of female
violence.
a.
True
b.
False
56. Discuss the development of interest in female delinquency. Explain your view. As you read through the chapter, did
you find that there is a need for a separate interest in female delinquency, that a specific interest in female delinquency
will assist in the overall reduction of juvenile delinquency, etc.?
57. The text suggests that various gender differences in development (e.g., socialization, cognition, and personality) may
pave the way for future differences in misbehaving. Discuss personality differences. Explain why you agree or disagree
with this premise.
58. Describe the policy shifts that may have escalated girls’ proneness to arrest. Explain why you agree or disagree with
the view that policy shifts may have affected girls' proneness to arrest.
59. Discuss the early biological explanations of female delinquency, including an example. What is your opinion of this
view?
60. Discuss the association between religiosity and female delinquency. Explain why you agree or disagree with this
view.
61. Discuss how liberal feminism has influenced thinking about delinquency. Explain why you agree or disagree with the
view that feminism has influenced thoughts on delinquency.
62. Describe the power-control theory. Who developed this view? Explain why you agree or disagree with this theory.
63. Discuss how gender differences affect the way youth are treated by the juvenile justice system. Explain why you
agree or disagree with this premise.
64. Identify and describe the patterns and trends in female violence. Explain your view on female violence.
65. Discuss the possible relationship between early puberty and victimization. Explain why you agree or disagree with
this theory that such a relationship exists.
66. What two differences are magnified when children internalize gender-specific behaviors?
67. At whom is the majority of girls' violence directed?
68. What gender patterns did researchers begin to focus on in the 1950s?
69. What does the socialization approach hold is likely to have an even more damaging effect on females than on males?
70. What rates for women decline as they are empowered socially, economically, and legally?
71. Males and females are taught to value independence.
a.
True
b.
False
72. When girls are aggressive, they are just as likely as boys to hide their behavior from adults.
a.
True
b.
False
73. Males view aggression as an appropriate means to gain status.
a.
True
b.
False
74. The typical female is as likely to kill a family member as an acquaintance and is more likely to use a knife.
a.
True
b.
False
75. Research indicates that a gender difference exists in how risk-taking behaviors in adolescence affect marital outcomes
in adulthood.
a.
True
b.
False
76. The female delinquency gap between early and late bloomers narrows when the latter group reaches sexual maturity
and has increased exposure to boys.
a.
True
b.
False
77. Incarcerated adolescent female offenders have fewer acute mental health symptoms and psychological disturbances
than male offenders.
a.
True
b.
False
78. Physical and sexual abuse and the toll it takes on young girls are more unique to Western culture.
a.
True
b.
False
79. Males and females join gangs in relatively equal numbers.
a.
True
b.
False
80. Patriarchy has been and continues to be supported by capitalists.
a.
True
b.
False
