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1. Thepersoncenteredapproach’sviewofhumannature:
a. viewspeopleasbasicallycompetitive.
b. statesthathumansaredrivenbyirrationalforces.
c. emphasizesclients'abilitiestoengagetheirownresourcestoactintheirworldwithothers.
d. assumesthat,whilehumanshavethepotentialforgrowth,wetendtoremainstagnant.
2. Personcenteredtherapyisbestdescribedasa:
a. completed"school"ofcounseling.
b. fixedsetoftherapeuticprinciples.
c. systematicsetofbehavioraltechniques.
d. philosophyofhowthetherapyprocessdevelops.
3. Characteristics of a self-actualized person include all of the following, except:
a. welcomesuncertaintyinhisorherlife.
b. hasacapacityfordeepandintenseinterpersonalrelationships.
c. hasartificialdichotomieswithinhimselforherself.
d. isspontaneousandcreative.
4. Which of the following is not a characteristic of the person-centered approach?
a. The focus is on the phenomenological world of the client.
b. It is supported by evidence from ongoing research.
c. The client-centered approach emphasized the role of the therapist as a facilitator of growth and honored the
inherent power of the client.
d. Emphasis is given to developing a contract for therapy.
5. Personcenteredtherapyisa(n):
a. actionorientedapproachtotherapy.
b. humanisticapproachtotherapy.
c. existentialapproachtotherapy.
d. deterministicapproachtotherapy.
6. The ______________________that recently has come into prominence shares many concepts on the healthy
side of human existence with the humanistic approach.
a. positive psychology movement
b. object relations approach
c. dialectical behavior therapy approach
d. applied behavior analysis movement
7. What is the most important factor related to progress in person-centered therapy?
a. Defining concrete and measurable goals
b. Thetherapist’stechnicalskills
c. The relationship between the client and therapist
d. Thetherapist’sabilitytothinklogicallyandtoscientificallysolveproblems
8. Carlos, an eight year old boy, was recently removed from his home because he was being physically and sexually
abusedbyhisfather.InaccordancewithMaslow’sframework,whichneedstookprecedence?
a. Physicalandsafetyneeds
b. Belongingandlove
c. Esteemfromselfandothers
d. Selfactualization
9. Which of the following is not considered a necessary and sufficient condition for change in the person-centered
framework?
a. Unconditionalpositiveregard
b. Creativeexpression
c. Accurateempatheticunderstanding
d. Congruence
10. Which statement(s) is (are) true of the person-centered approach?
a. Therapists should give advice when clients need it.
b. The techniques a therapist uses are less important than his or her attitudes.
c. Therapists should function largely as teachers.
d. Therapyisprimarilythetherapist’sresponsibility.
11. Which of the following is not a key concept of the person-centered approach?
a. The focus is on experiencing the immediate moment.
b. In a climate of safety in the therapeutic session, the client comes to realize that there are more authentic
ways of being.
c. The client is primarily responsible for the direction of therapy.
d. Thefocusisonexplorationofaclient’spast.
12. The person-centered therapist is best described as a:
a. facilitator.
b. teacher.
c. humanengineer.
d. friend.
13. Which of the statements below regarding Motivational Interviewing is not accurate?
a. MI was initially designed as a brief intervention for problem drinking.
b. MI stresses client self-responsibility and promotes an invitational style for working cooperatively with
clients to generate alternative solutions to behavioral problems.
c. MI was developed by Maslow in the late 70s after he created his theory on self-actualization.
d. MI therapists avoid arguing with clients and reframe resistance as a healthy response.
14. Inorderforatherapisttocommunicate“accurateempathicunderstanding”thecounselormust:
a. haveexperiencedasituationverysimilartotheclient’scurrentpredicament.
b. clarifydetailsandfactsrelevanttotheclient’sexperiences.
c. feel a deep sense of warmth toward the client.
d. connectemotionallytotheclient’ssubjectiveworld.
15. The technique of reflection involves the therapist:
a. restatingtheclient’swordsverbatim.
b. sharing his or her genuine emotional response with the client.
c. mirroringtheclient’semotionalexperienceofaparticularsituation.
d. bringing an actual mirror into the session and having a client look at himself or herself in the mirror.
16. A potential limitation of the person-centered approach is:
a. their view of assessment and diagnosis.
b. that some students-in-training and practitioners may have a tendency to be very supportive of clients without
being challenging.
c. shortcomings of the studies of the approach.
d. the continual evolution of the approach leads to unclear therapeutic principles.
17. The person-centered therapist generally does not find traditional assessment and diagnosis:
a. as a useful tool for case conceptualization.
b. asameaningfulwayofunderstandingofaclient’spsychologicalstate.
c. to be useful because these procedures encourage an external and expert perspective on the client.
d. as a necessary process that does not impact the course of therapy.
18. In applying the person-centered approach to crisis intervention, therapists should do all of the following, except:
a. communicate a deep sense of understanding.
b. provide genuine support and warmth.
c. use a more structured approach and provide clients with some direction.
d. do not give the individual the opportunity to fully express themselves.
19. What is a limitation of person-centered therapy?
a. The approach does not make use of research to study the process or outcomes of therapy.
b. The therapist has more power to manipulate and control the client than is true of most other therapies.
c. Theapproachdoesnotemphasizetheroleoftechniquesincreatingchangeintheclient’sbehavior.
d. The client is not given enough responsibility to direct the course of his or her own therapy.
20. One point of disagreement between existential and humanistic thought involves:
a. arespectfortheclient’ssubjectiveexperience.
b. a trust in the capacity of the client to make positive choices.
c. an emphasis on freedom.
d. the idea of an innate self-actualizing drive.
21. Which of the following is not true about Carl Rogers?
a. He was raised with strict religious standards in his home.
b. He developed cognitive therapy.
c. At one point in his life, he was preparing to enter the ministry.
d. He made a contribution toward achieving world peace.
22. WhichofthefollowingisthecorrectorderintermsofthehistoricaldevelopmentofCarlRogers’sapproachto
counseling?
a. Client-centered to person-centered to nondirective
b. Client-centered to nondirective to person-centered
c. Nondirective to client-centered to person-centered
d. Nondirective to person-centered to client-centered
23. AccordingtoRogeriantherapy,an“internalsourceofevaluation”isdefinedas:
a. internalizing the validation one receives from others.
b. looking more to oneself for the answers to the problems of existence.
c. goingonone’sinstinctswhenjudgingthebehaviorofothers.
d. a neurotic tendency to be self-critical.
24. Which of the following personal characteristics of the therapist is most important, according to Carl Rogers?
a. Unconditionalpositiveregard
b. Acceptance
c. Genuineness
d. Accurateempathicunderstanding
25. Which of the following is not true about the most recent trends in person-centered therapy?
a. It could be referred to as holistic therapy.
b. Acceptance and clarification are the main techniques used.
c. It emphasizes an increased involvement of the therapist as a person.
d. It allows the therapist greater freedom to be active in the therapeutic relationship.
26. CarlRogers’spositiononconfrontingtheclientisthat:
a. confrontation is to be avoided at all costs.
b. confrontation causes clients to stop growing.
c. confrontation reflects that the therapist has a need to be in control.
d. confrontation or resistance must be responded to in a nonconfrontational manner.
27. Carl Rogers drew heavily from existential concepts, especially as they apply to:
a. the transference relationship.
b. countertransference, or unfinished business of the counselor.
c. the client/therapist relationship.
d. guilt and anxiety.
28. AcommonthemeoriginatinginCarlRogers’searlywritingsandcontinuingtopermeateallofhisworksis:
a. the need to find meaning in life through love, work, or suffering.
b. the need for a religion to find meaning in life.
c. the importance of expressing feelings that stem from childhood issues.
d. abasicsenseoftrustintheclient’sabilitytomoveforwardinaconstructivemannerifconditionsfostering
growth are present.
29. From a person-centered perspective, the best source of knowledge about the client is the:
a. individualclient.
b. therapist.
c. client'sfamily.
d. therapeuticrelationship.
30. The __________ is a directional process of striving toward realization, fulfillment, autonomy, and self-
determination.
a. congruencetendency
b. empathicunderstanding
c. actualizingtendency
d. actualizingunderstanding
31. FromCarlRogers’sperspectivetheclient/therapistrelationshipischaracterizedby:
a. asenseofequality.
b. thetransferencerelationship.
c. thetherapistfunctioningastheexpert.
d. aclearlydefinedcontractthatspecifieswhatclientswilltalkaboutinthesessions.
32. Therapists utilizing motivational interviewing strategies view clients as:
a. opponents to be defeated.
b. allies who play a major role in their present and future success.
c. victims of their own psychopathology who need to be liberated from their pain and dysfunction.
d. people who are lazy and need a powerful incentive to change their ways.
33. In person-centered group therapy, the leader:
a. displays a sense of trust in the members.
b. uses techniques and exercises to motivate the group.
c. focuses on making interpretations.
d. sets goals for the group members.
34. In the 1960s and 1970s Rogers did a great deal to spearhead the development of:
a. organizational management seminars.
b. private colleges aimed at training person-centered therapists.
c. student-centered teaching and encounter groups.
d. the National Training Laboratories and T-groups.
35. Concerning research on psychotherapy and Carl Rogers, which of the following is not true?
a. Rogers stated his concepts as testable hypotheses and submitted them to research.
b. Rogers literally opened the field for psychotherapy research.
c. Rogers inspired others to conduct extensive research on counseling process and outcome.
d. Rogers did not conduct the research himself.
36. Accurate empathic understanding helps clients in all the following areas, except:
a. to notice and devalue their experiences.
b. to view prior experiences in new ways.
c. to process their experience both cognitively and bodily.
d. to increase their confidence in making choices and in pursuing a course of action.
37. Adrianne, who is uncertain about her career goals and is afraid to commit to any career path, is working with a
therapist who specializes in using motivational interviewing strategies. What will her therapist look for in order to
assess the success of therapy?
a. AnimprovementinAdrianne’sabilitytoblocknegativethoughtsabouthercareeroptions
b. AreductioninAdrianne’sambivalenceaboutchoosingacareerpathandanincreaseinherintrinsic
motivation to clarify her direction
c. Progress in working through unconscious conflicts related to commitment
d. AwillingnessonAdrianne’sparttoexamineherfamilyconstellationinordertodeepenherunderstanding
of her reasons for her lack of direction
38. Methods of expressive arts therapy are based on humanistic principles. Which of the following principles is not one?
a. Releasing creative energy is based on the principle of regression.
b. The creative process is transformative and healing.
c. The expressive arts lead us into the unconscious.
d. Our feelings and emotions are a source of energy.
39. Patrick has been confronted by family members and friends about his excessive gambling. Despite their attempts
to help him, he insists that they are overreacting and that he has everything under control. He does not feel the
need to alter his behaviors. Patrick is at which stage of change?
a. Precontemplation
b. Contemplation
c. Preparation
d. Action
40. A factor that distinguishes the person-centered approach to group counseling from other approaches is the:
a. therapist'sroleasfacilitator.
b. lengthoftreatment.
c. focusoncreatingacollaborativespirit.
d. focusonbuildinggenuinerelationshipsamongmembers.
41. CarlRogers’soriginalemphasiswasonreflectionoffeelingsexpressedbytheclient.
a. True
b. False
42. CarlRogers’sapproachisbasedontheassumptionsthathumansaretrustworthyandthatclientsdesiretogrow.
a. True
b. False
43. The person-centered approach is based on a set of specific therapeutic techniques designed to promote behavior
change.
a. True
b. False
44. According to Carl Rogers, personality change occurs only when clients develop insight into the origin of their
personality problems.
a. True
b. False
45. Freeassociationanddreamanalysisareatypicalpartofthepersoncenteredtherapist’sprocedures.
a. True
b. False
46. Carl Rogersisoftencalledthe“fatherofpsychotherapyresearch.”
a. True
b. False
47. Congruence is a basic characteristic of effective therapists.
a. True
b. False
48. Therapists are encouraged to use positive regard for clients only as a means of shaping their behavior.
a. True
b. False
49. The concept of unconditional positive regard implies that therapists develop an accepting and approving attitude
toward all actions taken by their clients.
a. True
b. False
50. Therapists who have little respect for their clients can anticipate that their therapeutic work will not be fruitful.
a. True
b. False
51. Accurate empathic understanding implies an objective understanding of a client.
a. True
b. False
52. If the therapeutic core conditions exist over some period of time, constructive personality change will not occur.
a. True
b. False
53. The person-centered approach evolved from a nondirective therapy to an experiential therapy.
a. True
b. False
54. The person-centered model has become stagnant and shows little sign of evolution.
a. True
b. False
55. Person-centered expressive arts therapy can be used in both group and individual contexts.
a. True
b. False
56. WhenRogerschallengedthebasicassumptionthat“thecounselorknowsbest,”hethoughtthatthisradicalidea
would affect the power dynamics and politics of the counseling profession, but to his surprise, it did not.
a. True
b. False
57. Theterm“presence”referstothecounselor’sabilitytobefullyengagedinthetherapeuticrelationshipwiththe
client.
a. True
b. False
58. Anassumptionofpersoncenteredtherapyisthatthecounselor’spresenceisfarmorepowerfulthantechniqueshe
or she uses to facilitate change.
a. True
b. False
59. Carl Rogers encouraged counselors to use a nonconfrontational manner with their clients.
a. True
b. False
60. Person-centered therapy groups emphasize the unique role of the group counselor as a leader.
a. True
b. False
61. The person-centered approach places emphasis on the necessary and sufficient conditions for change.
a. True
b. False
62. Natalie Rogers is no longer an active contributor to the person-centered approach.
a. True
b. False
63. Maslow postulated a hierarchy of needs as a source of motivation, with the most basic needs being physiological
needs.
a. True
b. False
64. The person-centered approach is not particularly well-suited to multi-cultural counseling.
a. True
b. False
65. The person-centered model has been widely adapted to include such areas as family therapy, crisis counseling and
classroom education.
a. True
b. False
66. Emotion-focused therapy (EFT) emerged as a behavioral approach informed by understanding the role of an
emotion in human functioning and psychotherapeutic change.
a. True
b. False
67. Empathy is a deep and subjective understanding of the client with the client.
a. True
b. False
68. Immediacy is highly valued in the person-centered approach
a. True
b. False
69. The underlying vision of humanistic philosophy is captured by the metaphor of how an acorn will automatically grow
in positive ways, pushed naturally toward its actualization as an oak.
a. True
b. False
70. Maslow believed not enough research was being conducted on anxiety, hostility, and neuroses and too much
into joy, creativity, and self-fulfillment.
a. True
b. False
