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1. According to research, which of the following is not a benefit associated with higher education for police officers?
a.
They behave more professionally.
b.
Fewer citizen complaints are generated.
c.
Crime-fighting ability is enhanced.
d.
They have greater self-confidence.
2. Which term describes the experience of black officers who must deal with the expectation that they will show lenience
to members of their own race, while at the same time experiencing overt racism from their police colleagues?
a.
The black curtain
b.
Double marginality
c.
Ethnic role strain
d.
Toxic race relations
3. Which statement is false regarding minorities in policing?
a.
White officers were historically very prejudiced, and as late as the 1950s, some refused to ride with African
Americans in patrol cars.
b.
The first African American was hired as a police officer in 1931.
c.
Current research reveals the higher the percentage of black officers on the force, the higher the arrest rate for
crimes such as assault.
d.
Minority officers report more stress than whites when they consider themselves “tokens” and feel
marginalized within the department.
4. Which of the following statements about female officers is false?
a.
Female officers are less likely than male officers to be charged with improper conduct.
b.
Female officer recruits are more likely to fail the entrance physical exam than male officer recruits.
c.
Female officers tend to receive harsher punishments than male officers if cited for disciplinary action.
d.
Female officers are less likely than male officers to receive support from the community.
5. The term blue curtain describes:
a.
Police reluctance to express personal feelings to each other.
b.
The police practice of shrouding the windows and doors of the briefing room with a blue curtain when
confidential information is disseminated.
c.
The secrecy and insulation from others in society that is a consequence of the police subculture.
d.
The cloth used to drape the coffins of slain police officers.
6. Which is not one of the six core beliefs at the heart of the police culture?
a.
Loyalty to colleagues counts above all else.
b.
The war against crime cannot be won without bending the rules.
c.
No one else understands the nature of police work.
d.
Patrol work gives officers the chance to be heroes in the eyes of the public.
7. An officer who approaches a group of teenagers drinking beer, checks everyone’s IDs, and arrests everyone who is
underage would typify which style of policing?
a.
Crime fighter
b.
Social agent
c.
Law enforcer
d.
Watchman
8. An officer who approaches a group of teenagers standing in a parking lot, checks them for gang symbols, and calls in to
the station to ascertain whether any of them have active warrants and arresting those with a warrant, exemplifies which
style of policing?
a.
Crime fighter
b.
Social agent
c.
Law enforcer
d.
Watchman
9. Which police style is associated with the preference to ignore issues of concern or treat them informally, unless the
social or political order is being jeopardized?
a.
Crime fighter
b.
Social agent
c.
Law enforcer
d.
Watchman
10. Which style of policing involves the least amount of discretion?
a.
Crime fighter
b.
Social agent
c.
Law enforcer
d.
Watchman
11. Which of the following is an example of an impact munition?
a.
Tasers
b.
Rubber bullets
c.
Pepper spray
d.
Handcuffs
12. The overload hypothesis suggests that community crime rates may shape officer discretion. Which type of factor is
this?
a.
Environmental
b.
Victim
c.
Crime
d.
Peer
13. Which of the following is false regarding suspect behavior and characteristics?
a.
Suspects who physically resist the police are more likely to receive some form of physical coercion in return.
b.
Suspects who offer verbal disrespect are as likely as suspects who physically resist to be met with physical
force by police.
c.
Women are less likely to be arrested than men.
d.
A negative suspect demeanor is more likely to result in formal police action.
14. Which pattern does research reveal regarding officers’ involvement in use-of-force incidents?
a.
Use-of-force incidents are almost always racially motivated.
b.
A small portion of officers account for a sizable portion of the abuses.
c.
Problem officers tend to be senior officers who are confident that their abuses will go unpunished.
d.
The most significant factor in controlling police brutality is the threat of criminal action.
15. Which of the following is false regarding corruption?
a.
Meat eaters aggressively misuse police power for personal gain by demanding bribes, threatening legal action,
or cooperating with criminals.
b.
The Knapp Commission was a public body set up in the 1970s to investigate the New York City police.
c.
Grass eaters accept payoffs when their everyday duties place them in a position to be solicited by the public.
d.
In a general sense, police corruption involves misuse of authority by police officers in a manner designed to
produce gain for the law enforcement community and prestige for the department.
16. Which U.S. Supreme Court case deemed the use of deadly force against an unarmed and nondangerous fleeing felon
to be an illegal seizure under the Fourth Amendment?
a.
Tennessee v. Garner
b.
Graham v. Conner
c.
Gregg v. Georgia
d.
U.S. v. Weeks
17. Which of the following is true regarding police use of force?
a.
Minority groups’ members are more likely to disapprove of the police use of force than majority group
members.
b.
African Americans and Hispanics were more likely than white to experience police threat or use of force as a
consequence of police contact.
c.
The suspect’s behavior is a much more powerful determinant of police response, than age or race.
d.
All of the statements are true regarding police use of force.
18. Which of the following is not one of the four major categories of police corruption?
a.
External corruption
b.
Selective enforcement or nonenforcement
c.
Active criminality
d.
Bribery and extortion
19. Which of the following is not a factor identified in the text as related to police shootings?
a.
Local and national levels of violence
b.
Police workload
c.
The threat hypothesis
d.
All of these are factors related to police shootings
20. With whom do African American women police officers report having difficult relationships?
a.
African American women police officers
b.
African American male police officers
c.
White male police officers
d.
Hispanic women police officers
21. What do recruits often discover about police work?
a.
The social reality of police work does not mesh with their original career goals.
b.
The reality of police work is exactly what they envisioned and why they decided on a career in policing.
c.
Police culture divides officers from other officers.
d.
Members of the public are supportive and patient.
22. Which term is used to describe an officer who will use any means to get the culprit, even if it involves planting
evidence on an obviously guilty person who so far has escaped arrest?
a.
Thin-blue-line problem
b.
Dirty Harry problem
c.
Rambo problem
d.
CSI problem
23. How many styles of police work seem to fit the current behavior patterns of most police officers?
a.
2
b.
4
c.
6
d.
8
24. Which type of case is often a source of frustration and futility for police officers, making them reluctant to respond?
a.
Domestic violence cases
b.
Drug deal cases
c.
Kidnapping cases
d.
Murder cases
25. Which term is used to describe the way a person outwardly manifests his or her personality?
a.
Attitude
b.
Character
c.
Demeanor
d.
Identity
26. When do officers usually feel the effects of the stress of their profession?
a.
During their training in the academy
b.
During their first year on patrol
c.
During the middle years
d.
Only after 20 years of service
27. Which of the following sentiments is likely part of the popular police culture described in the text?
a.
Detective work is glamorous.
b.
Patrol work is the pits.
c.
In order to win the war against crime, we must bend the rules.
d.
All of the above are sentiments of police culture.
28. Which style of policing suggests that the police should act as community problem solvers?
a.
Crime fighter
b.
Social agent
c.
Law enforcer
d.
Watchman
29. Which style of policing suggests that the police should focus their efforts on order maintenance?
a.
Crime fighter
b.
Social agent
c.
Law enforcer
d.
Watchman
30. Jerry is a police officer. While on patrol he has numerous encounters with citizens daily. One night, Jerry is doing
traffic enforcement. Throughout the course of the evening, Jerry gives speeding citations to some drivers and verbal
warnings to others. Then, as his shift is winding down, Jerry spots a car driving erratically. He pulls it over and determines
that the driver is intoxicated. Jerry decides to arrest the driver. Jerry’s decisions that night to give some offenders
warnings, give some tickets, and arrest one is an example of which type of discretionary factor?
a.
Crime factor
b.
Victim factor
c.
Environmental factor
d.
Departmental factor
31. While on patrol, Jerry receives a call regarding a domestic disturbance—a fight between a husband and wife. By the
time Jerry arrives at the scene of the disturbance, things have calmed considerably, and he decides to merely warn the
parties rather than take any further action. Which type of discretionary factor is best represented in this circumstance?
a.
Crime factor
b.
Victim factor
c.
Environmental factor
d.
Departmental factor
32. While on patrol, Jerry spots some teenagers hanging out on a street corner drinking alcohol and smoking cigarettes.
The teenagers are clearly under the age of 18. Jerry remembers that his sergeant has repeatedly stressed a “no tolerance”
approach to underage drinking. Jerry decides to arrest the teenagers. Which type of discretionary factor is best represented
in this circumstance?
a.
Crime factor
b.
Victim factor
c.
Environmental factor
d.
Departmental factor
33. According to police psychologists, how many categories of police stress exist?
a.
2
b.
3
c.
4
d.
7
CASE 7.1
Anthony is a new police recruit who just graduated from the police academy and has been hired by a large
metropolitan police department in Florida. He reports to work for his first shift and is assigned a field training
officer, Jeffrey. Anthony is excited to begin his work as a police officer, as this is something he has wanted since he
was a child. During Anthony’s first shift he meets many of his fellow police officers. He is given a lot of different
advice by these different officers. He quickly learns that there are different policing styles.
34. Harold explains to Anthony that their focus as police officers should be the victim and that effective police work is the
only way that the “dangerous classes” can be kept in check. What style of policing does Harold follow?
a.
Crime fighter
b.
Law enforcer
c.
Social agent
d.
Watchman
35. Harold’s partner, Cecilia, takes a different approach to policing. She believes that Harold is too focused on the
criminal and explains that she went into policing to work with the special needs population. She likes working with the
homeless and those who require emergency services. Cecilia follows which style of policing?
a.
Crime fighter
b.
Law enforcer
c.
Social agent
d.
Watchman
36. Sergeant Collins, the supervisor during Anthony’s first shift, explains to Anthony that he should take action only when
a problem arises. Collins is heavily involved in the police union and spends a large portion of his time off making sure
that officers’ wages and retirement benefits are maintained. What style of policing does Sergeant Collins follow?
a.
Crime fighter
b.
Law enforcer
c.
Social agent
d.
Watchman
37. Samantha is also a new police officer. She has been on the force for two months. She remembers seeing Anthony
around the police academy and approaches him during roll call. Samantha explains to Anthony that real police work is
very different from what they learned at the police academy. She tells Anthony that as police officers they are not
community social workers or vigilantes and that they must enforce all statutes and all ordinances. Samantha is most likely
which style of police officer?
a.
Crime fighter
b.
Law enforcer
c.
Social agent
d.
Watchman
38. Harold, Anthony’s field training officer, hears all the advice that Anthony is getting. He explains to Anthony that once
he is off of probation, the majority of what he does every day will not be subject to administrative review and thus there is
a lot of autonomy in his position. He tells Anthony that he must decide what style of policing he will follow. This concept
of having a high degree of personal discretion is referred to as:
a.
Thin-blue-line decision making.
b.
Low-visibility decision making.
c.
Double marginality.
d.
Overload hypothesis.
CASE 7.2
Detective Smith is a fourteen-year police veteran who has been working in internal affairs for the past four years.
He was assigned to internal affairs to investigate allegations of police misconduct and corruption. While working as
a police officer, he put himself through law school in the evenings and received his law license six years ago.
Although he enjoyed being a road patrol officer, he feels it is more important to protect the citizens of the
community against the few corrupt police officers who may exist on his police force.
39. Detective Smith learns that there are potentially two types of corrupt officers, including:
a.
Meat eaters and grass eaters.
b.
Grass eaters and candy eaters.
c.
Candy eaters and meat eaters.
d.
Beer drinkers and liquor drinkers.
40. One of Detective Smith’s first investigations as an internal affairs detective is on a seventeen-year police veteran who
is being accused of demanding bribes from local drug dealers and helping them transport their narcotics in the trunk of his
police car. If the allegations are true, this officer can be classified as a:
a.
Grass eater.
b.
Candy eater.
c.
Meat eater.
d.
Beer drinker.
41. Detective Smith is surprised to learn that his former field training officer often took bribes to look the other way when
he encountered bookmakers arranging bets on local sporting events. This type of conduct is considered that of a:
a.
Grass eater.
b.
Candy eater.
c.
Meat eater.
d.
Beer drinker.
42. Detective Smith often becomes disenchanted with the officers that he investigates. However, he refuses to believe that
all officers are corrupt. He expresses unenforceable laws govern moral standards and promote corruption because they
create large groups with an interest in undermining law enforcement. Detective Smith is likely to believe that the cause of
many cases of corruption is:
a.
Police personality.
b.
Institutions and practices.
c.
Moral ambivalence.
d.
Environmental conditions.
43. White female police officers are more likely to perceive sexual discrimination than African American female police
officers.
a.
True
b.
False
44. The term racial profiling has been coined to describe the racial influence over police discretion and has been found in
a number of state and local studies of law enforcement.
a.
True
b.
False
45. The Wickersham Commission investigated the problem of police stress and fatigue.
a.
True
b.
False
46. If a police officer cooperates with a criminal for his/her own personal gain, he/she is acting like a grass eater.
a.
True
b.
False
47. In Graham v. Connor, the Supreme Court created a reasonableness standard for the use of nondeadly force.
a.
True
b.
False
48. Most officers killed in the line of duty are responding to a disturbance call.
a.
True
b.
False
49. Although nondeadly force used by officers is unlikely to cause death, it sometimes does.
a.
True
b.
False
50. Individual state jurisdictions still control police shooting policy.
a.
True
b.
False
51. Research shows that police workload has nothing to do with police shootings.
a.
True
b.
False
52. The use of force by police officers is not a common event.
a.
True
b.
False
53. Research shows that a large percentages of officers are continually involved in problem behavior.
a.
True
b.
False
54. Organizational stressors for police officers include rotating shifts, work overload, and danger.
a.
True
b.
False
55. Female officers are less likely to use force than male officers.
a.
True
b.
False
56. Studies have shown that minority police officers experience the same family-related stress as white officers.
a.
True
b.
False
57. Female officers actually report feeling less job-related stress than male officers.
a.
True
b.
False
58. Studies have shown that female officers are just as capable of performing the job well as are their male counterparts.
a.
True
b.
False
59. The use of discretion by patrol officers is highly regulated and subject to administrative oversight.
a.
True
b.
False
60. When it comes to police discretion and offense seriousness, officers have the most discretion when it comes to crimes
such as murder or rape.
a.
True
b.
False
61. Force is mostly used on minorities and people under the age of 29.
a.
True
b.
False
62. The use of deadly force to apprehend an unarmed and nondangerous fleeing felon is a violation of the Fourth
Amendment.
a.
True
b.
False
63. Police departments with more restrictions on the use of force have lower shooting rates.
a.
True
b.
False
64. African American officers have historically confronted the problem of ____________________, in which they are
expected to favor members of their own race while patrolling the population and simultaneously suffering racism from
white colleagues.
65. The ____________________ style of policing thinks of officers as troubleshooters who repair the social fabric of
society.
66. The ____________________ style of policing views the investigation and apprehension of serious crime as the
primary aspect of policing.
67. The use of discretion is sometimes referred to as ____________________ decision making.
68. While not everyone agrees that ________________ is an actual medical condition, it has been listed as the cause of
death in some situations, particularly when the suspect was determined to be under the influence of stimulants.
69. Research indicates that a suspect’s ____________________ has the strongest influence on discretionary decisions
made by individual officers.
70. _____________ is one of the most popular less-lethal weapons used by law enforcement because it shuts the eyes of a
suspect and automatically induces shortness of breath.
71. One perspective on the causes of police corruption holds that it is a product of society’s moral
____________________ toward the vice-related behavior that police are sworn to control.
72. The ___________ is the secretive, insulated police culture that isolates officers from the rest of society.
73. _____________ is the belief that most people’s actions are motivated solely by personal needs and selfishness.
74. The working personalities adopted by police officers that can range from being a social worker in blue to being a hard-
charging crime fighter are known as ___________.
75. ______________ is the use of personal decision making and choice in carrying out operations in the criminal justice
system.
76. The __________________________ is the theory that police workload influences discretion so that as workload
increases, less time and attention can be devoted to new cases.
77. Membership in the __________________________ helps recruits adjust to the rigors of police work and provides the
emotional support required for survival.
78. Dogmatic, authoritarian, and suspicious are some common police _________________ traits.
79. Rotating shifts, work overload, boredom, fear, and danger are examples of _______________ stressors.
80. One of the reasons corruption is hard to address is due to the police code of _________, the belief that a police officer
should never turn on his/her peers.
81. In some police departments, a senior officer may be demoted if someone under their charge is convicted of corruption.
This is an example of an _____________________ system.
82. The use of _________________ force has been found to be linked to factors such as past experience and the presence
of other officers and bystanders.
83. Are female police officers still struggling for acceptance?
84. Compare and contrast the four major styles of police work.
85. What factors influence an officer’s use of discretion?
86. What is the difference between police brutality and police corruption?
87. What are the findings from the Knapp Commission?
88. How can police misconduct be controlled?
89. What factors are related to police shootings?
90. What is suicide by cop and how common is it?
91. Explain the pros and cons of having higher-education requirements for police officers.
92. Explain the Catch 22 dilemma as it pertains to female police officers.
93. What are some ways police department administrators can structure the organization to reduce fatigue among patrol
officers?
94. What are some of the ethical concerns that arise from the use of nonlethal weapons?
