40. Which of the following statements is true about agriculture?
a. It has access to a much smaller supply of available energy than that of other food-procurement strategies.
b. It relies on animal power, mechanized technology, and non-mechanized technology for production.
c. It usually fails to produce surplus food.
d. It almost always lacks an adequate supply of labor.
e. It relies on gas-powered tractors and other forms of modern technology.
41. During what historical time period did agriculture emerge?
a. About 11,000 years ago
b. About 5,000 years ago
c. About 9,000 years ago
d. About 3,000 years ago
e. About 1,000 years ago
42. Specialization in agriculture may result in all of the following EXCEPT:
a. increased tendency to grow cash crops and buy food in the marketplace.
b. increased reliance on a limited number of crop varieties.
c. development of increasing surplus of crops.
d. decreased importance of the family owned/operated farm.
e. less specialization of labor.
Chapter7—SubsistencePatterns
43. Which of the following statements is true about peasant populations?
a. They are only found in Europe.
b. They are tied to larger political units.
c. They produce no surplus.
d. They provide only a small amount of food for urban populations.
e. They are individuals who own sufficient landholdings to produce what they need annually.
44. As a group, peasants can be distinguished from modern farmers because they produce primarily:
a. to accumulate wealth.
b. for family subsistence.
c. to pay for religious ceremonies.
d. for reinvestment of capital.
e. for export.
45. Peasants in an agricultural society do NOT:
a. have an important relationship with the cities.
b. almost always occupy the lowest strata of a society.
c. provide for most of the dietary needs of the city-dwellers.
d. have a great deal of political power.
e. pay rents and taxes to those with greater power.
Chapter7—SubsistencePatterns
46. Which of the following statements is NOT associated with industrialized agriculture?
a. It relies on technological sources of energy for production.
b. Itreliesonmonocropproduction—singlecropsproducedonlargeacreages.
c. It has caused considerable environmental destruction.
d. It has led to water pollution and soil contamination in some areas.
e. It has led to the flow of capital from wealthier nations to poorer ones.
47. Environmental consequences related to industrial agricultural often led to:
a. less soil erosion.
b. an increase in genetically-modified foods.
c. a decrease in deforestation rates.
d. a reduction in soil and water contamination.
e. a decrease in fuel and machinery costs.
48. Which of the following has the highest degree of labor specialization?
a. Pastoralism
b. Horticulture
c. Intensive agriculture
d. Foraging
e. Swidden agriculture
Chapter7—SubsistencePatterns
49. Which of the following is NOT an alternative to industrialized agriculture?
a. Intensive agriculture
b. Local fishery projects
c. Community gardens
d. Back-to-the-land movements
e. Farmers’ markets
50. Each of following statements about resistance to industrial agriculture is true EXCEPT:
a. most farmers’ markets get their foods from local industrial agriculturalists.
b. industrial agriculture has caused numerous environmental problems.
c. the International Slow Food Movement is part of the resistance to industrial agriculture.
d. there is an increasing value placed on small farmers and their lands.
e. there is a growing resistance to industrial agriculture today.
51. The environment sets broad limits on subsistence.
a. True
b. False
52. Human adaptation occurs exclusively through cultural advances. This is the hallmark of being human.
a. True
b. False
53. Some indigenous societies exploited their environments and caused ecological damage.
a. True
b. False
54. When its carrying capacity is exceeded, an environment is damaged.
a. True
b. False
55. Foraging societies have among the lowest population densities.
a. True
b. False
56. Foragers today use only traditional technology, such as bows and arrows and digging sticks.
a. True
b. False
57. Clearly,huntergatherersarethe“originalaffluentsociety.”
a. True
b. False
58. Today,someoftheJu/’hoansiareparticipatingintheecotouristmarket.
a. True
b. False
59. The Inuit divide their year into two hunting seasons.
a. True
b. False
60. Recently, Canada created a new territory known as the Northern Territories for the Inuit peoples.
a. True
b. False
61. The Neolithic Revolution occurred about 5,000 years ago.
a. True
b. False
62. Domestication is a form of taming an animal.
a. True
b. False
63. Domestication negatively affected human health patterns.
a. True
b. False
64. Slash-and-burn method is a primary technique of agriculturalists.
a. True
b. False
65. Seed crops require more nutrients than root crops.
a. True
b. False
66. Sedentary ranching and dairy farming is a type of pastoralism.
a. True
b. False
67. TheKazaksareassociatedwitha“cattlecomplex.”
a. True
b. False
68. The Maasai follow a watering schedule when they congregate seasonally at waterholes.
a. True
b. False
69. Invention of the wheel, use of fertilizer and draft animals, and irrigation are all innovations that have made agriculture
possible.
a. True
b. False
70. Intensive agriculture requires a great investment of both labor and capital, but it does support more people per unit of
land than horticulture can.
a. True
b. False
71. Listthefivemajorfoodprocurementcategoriesfoundamongtheworld’spopulations.
72. Define and explain the concept of carrying capacity.
73. What is the optimal foraging theory?
74. Name four characteristics (or generalizations) about foraging societies.
75. What is a locavore and what can we learn from the emergence of this new type of strategy?
76. Define and describe domestication.
77. List five consequences of the change to food production.
78. What is shifting cultivation?
79. Distinguish between the two types of pastoralism.
80. What are some noticeable changes in food-getting strategies since the late 18th century?
81. Discuss the nature of human adaptation. By what means do humans adapt to their environments? Provide examples.
82. What is the relationship between carrying capacity and technology?
83. CompareandcontrastthelivelihoodsandsocialorganizationoftheJu/’hoansiandtheInuit.
Chapter7—SubsistencePatterns
84. The time period of the Neolithic Revolution changed the nature of human society. Consider the differences between
food-gathering and food-producing societies. Name at least five major differences and defend whether you consider
them positive or negative changes for societies.
85. The Neolithic Revolution brought both positive and negative changes to humans and human societies. Make a list of
both positive and negatives consequences and then discuss whether you believe the changes were mainly positive or
negative overall.
86. Consider how life would be different without the Neolithic Revolution. What aspects of your daily life would be
different if the process of domestication had never occurred?
87. In what type of environment is pastoralism practiced? How does transhumance pastoralism differ from nomadic
pastoralism? Describe the social relations and type of population that can be supported by this strategy.
88. What characteristics distinguish industrial agriculture from horticulture? What impact has industrial agriculture had on
the environment and on marginal groups?
Chapter7—SubsistencePatterns
89. Peasants have played a very important historical role in the development of state societies. Why has this social class
played such a central role in political and state affairs?
90. Create a chart of four major food-getting strategies. Identify the population size, permanency of settlement,
surpluses, trade, labor specialization, and class differences associated with each.