40) The landscape-as-text concept
A) holds that some people actively shape the landscape.
B) was developed by Carl Sauer and Sallie Marston.
C) is dependent upon geographical publishers.
D) argues that landscapes can produce meaning, but can’t communicate meaning.
E) requires understanding the grammar of geography–place identification.
41) Territoriality
A) regulates access to people.
B) regulates access to resources.
C) regulates social interaction.
D) provides a focus of group membership and identity.
E) regulates access to people, resources, social interaction, and provides a focus of group
membership and identity.
42) In terms of cognitive images, a street is most likely to be
A) a district.
B) a path or an edge.
C) a node beside a landmark.
D) a landmark.
43) In the process of forming cognitive images, ________ is (are) primarily involved in both
perception and cognition.
A) senses
B) culture
C) brain and personality
D) society and institutions
E) transformed cognitive image
44) Place marketing is least likely to target
A) wealthy tourists.
B) organizers of business and professional conferences.
C) top management of large corporations.
D) the highly skilled and well-educated.
E) working-class suburbanites.
45) Which of the following is usually the most important consideration for the heritage industry
when it decides how to restore and develop a given landscape?
A) commercial considerations
B) principles of preservation
C) historical accuracy
D) UNESCO guidelines
46) The practice of writing and reading signs is called
A) esthetics.
B) semiotics.
C) image interpretation.
D) heuristics.
E) symbology.
47) This signal is consistently transmitted by shopping malls to all, regardless of gender, age,
class, or race.
A) Appreciate architecture
B) Consume, consume
C) Observe social standards of behavior
D) Buy low, sell high
48) Contemporary culture relies least on this type of consumption.
A) visual
B) material
C) mystical
D) experiential
49) During the 1970s and 1980s, advertising strategies began shifting towards presenting
products as
A) more efficient.
B) representative of a desirable lifestyle.
C) economical and practical.
D) newer and better.
50) Anti-tourists are most likely to visit
A) Trafalgar Square in London.
B) the ruins of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukraine.
C) Route 66 and Main Street of Middle America.
D) Mall of America in Minneapolis.
E) The Venetian Hotel in Las Vegas.
51) Anti-tourists are most likely to visit
A) degenerative utopias.
B) derelict landscapes.
C) slow cities.
D) world heritage sites.
E) pseudoplaces.
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52) The geography of cemeteries — their forms and arrangements — is of particular interest to
those who study
A) funerary landscapes.
B) derelict landscapes.
C) landscapes of despair.
D) dark tourism.
E) the heritage industry.
53) As presented in the text, cosmopolitanism is best characterized as
A) material humanism.
B) the successor to postmodernism.
C) a divisive political ideology.
D) consumption from the global marketplace.
E) a syncretic belief system.
7.2 True or False
1) Promoting place identity is an important way of eliminating conflicts between places and
stereotypes of other people.
2) The meanings that people give to places are based only on our personalities and what we
experience through our senses.
3) The environment in which we are raised influences the cognitive images we have of other
places.
4) Among the great things about cognitive images is that they highlight the complexities and
details of real-world environments.
5) You can have a cognitive image of a place to which you have never been.
6) Our values and belief systems contribute to our distorted cognitive images.
7) In one’s cognitive image of Paris, the Eiffel Tower can be both a node and a landmark.
8) Our cognitive images affect our behavior, and influence such things as how much we like a
particular place, where we travel, and the foreign policies we encourage.
9) Topophilia occurs only at the local or neighborhood scale.
10) Buildings like the former World Trade Center in New York can simultaneously be part of a
landscape of power and a symbolic landscape.
11) The humanistic approach in geography recognizes that people tend to think and act similarly.
12) Just as people read and interpret books differently, they can read and interpret landscapes
differently.
13) Semiotics refers to the signs and meanings that are intentionally embedded into landscapes.
14) Within one place, different spaces can send different messages to different people.
15) The suburbs are classic examples of “pseudoplaces” without cultural landscapes.
16) Outsider Art is rarely found outdoors.
17) Slow Cities refer to those underdeveloped cities of the world’s periphery.
18) As with material goods, places can be consumed.
19) In general, people’s perceptions of the environment capture the actual characteristics of the
environment.
20) Current cultural geography sees the relationship between the environment and humans as
interactive.
21) Distortions in cognitive images can result from either individual biases or incomplete
information.
22) Behavior influences the formation of cognitive images, and cognitive images influence
behavior.
23) People with broader and more expansive images of place are less likely to travel far than
those with narrower and more localized images of place.
24) Cognitive imagery influences our preferences for places, but has little effect on our attitudes
toward risk and uncertainty.
25) Globalization has increased the importance of place marketing.
26) Global metropolitanism is valued by anthropologists for its role in the preservation of
cultural diversity.
27) The heritage industry is regulated by the United Nations to ensure architectural, historical
and geographical accuracy.
28) Semiotics brings together a sign “reader” and a sign “writer.”
29) Shopping malls are geared to lower-middle-class consumers.
30) In contrast to the process of “Disneyfication,” street art does not contribute to place making.
31) Cyberspace is a new kind of space created by the Internet.
32) A geographer would not typically classify a metropolitan suburb as being part of an ordinary
landscape.
33) “Outsiders” and “insiders” will often have a different sense of place for the same place.
34) 20th century funerary landscapes reflect rational efficiency of the City Beautiful Movement.
35) Cosmopolitanism stresses the importance of the cultural values of large core cities such as
New York and Paris.
36) Celebrities rely on agglomeration economies to increase their symbolic capital.
37) Las Vegas depends on the heritage industry to attract tourists.
38) Including sites on UNESCO’s World Heritage List risk replacing their authentic histories and
landscapes with mummified, corrupted and trivialized stories and ornaments.
39) The United Nations Center for Human Developments supports the “Disneyfication” process
as a way of promoting historical awareness.
40) London’s Big Ben and Houses of Parliament, Paris’ Eiffel Tower, and Rome’s Colosseum are
symbolic structures that represent entire cities.