1. A subsistence strategy may involve various elements. Which of the following traits most accurately define
subsistence?
a. How people make money
b. How people grow, harvest, prepare, transport, market, and eat food
c. How people eat, preserve, grow, and transport food
d. How people preserve and market food
e. How people grow, harvest, and sell food
2. Which of the following is NOT a major food procurement strategy worldwide?
a. Industrial agriculture
b. Horticulture
c. Intensive agriculture
d. Greenhouse cultivation
e. Food foraging
3. Which of the following is most linked to processing systems as well as food procurement?
a. Horticulture
b. Food foraging
c. Industrial agriculture
d. Pastoralism
e. Intensive agriculture
Chapter7—SubsistencePatterns
4. Asociety’senvironment:
a. has no effect on its food-getting strategy.
b. absolutely determines the food-getting strategy that is its best adaptation.
c. influences its food-getting strategy and sets broad limitations.
d. sets very narrow limits on possible alternative food-getting strategies.
e. is the only thing that affects its food-getting strategy.
5. In a food desert, you would expect all of the following EXCEPT:
a. communities within an urban area.
b. communities with little or no access to fresh food.
c. communities with limited amounts of edible products.
d. communities with large numbers of fast-food restaurants.
e. communities with over-priced food goods available.
6. The carrying capacity of an environment:
a. is the uppermost level of productivity that is ecologically sound in an environment.
b. is solely determined by its technology, which can make an environment artificially sound.
c. influences only foraging societies, although there are still realistic limits on all environments.
d. refers only to the amount of wild plants and animals in an area.
e. refers to the amount of humans that can be profitable in a given amount of space.
Chapter7—SubsistencePatterns
7. KevinKrajick’sresearchinPeruonIncanagriculturalstrategieshasrevealedthat:
a. although agriculture had not reached the carrying capacity of the area, such a fragile environment cannot
sustain high production yields.
b. they practiced conservation methods while maximizing production on their lands.
c. their agricultural strategies caused irreparable damage to the highland environment.
d. they grew only very limited and specialized cultigens, such as corn and rice.
e. the Inca understood agriculture and agricultural techniques much better than modern-day farmers.
8. Which of the following statements is true?
a. A society cannot exceed the carrying capacity of its environment.
b. A society cannot easily increase food production far beyond their carrying capacity.
c. A society can easily exceed its carrying capacity.
d. No environment has a fixed carrying capacity.
e. Societies usually stay far below their carrying capacities.
9. The food-getting strategy used by humans for most of their existence is:
a. cattle herding.
b. intensive agriculture.
c. horticulture.
d. hunting and gathering.
e. cultivation.
Chapter7—SubsistencePatterns
10. Which of the following statements about optimal foraging theory is true?
a. Foragers store food for a season only.
b. Foragers take only the plants and animals they need to subsidize their caloric intake.
c. Foragers seek out food sources based on whether they will be worth the effort.
d. Foragers no longer exist in the world; all peoples today use food production techniques.
e. Foragers very frequently exceed the carrying capacity of their environments.
11. Intoday’sworld,huntersandgatherersarefound:
a. on land very poorly suited for agriculture.
b. in a few, very dense populations.
c. living permanently on arid lands near waterholes, where animals can be easily hunted.
d. living in large extended families.
e. only in Africa.
12. Which of the following statements about foraging societies is true?
a. They have fairly dense populations.
b. They are typically sedentary, not nomadic.
c. Theyoccupysomeoftheworld’sbestfarmland.
d. Their basic social unit is the family or band.
e. They do not have access to necessary resources to survive.
Chapter7—SubsistencePatterns
13. TheJu/’hoansi(!KungSan)inhabit:
a. the Gobi desert of inner Asia.
b. the Kalahari Desert of southern Africa.
c. the Ituri forest of the Congo.
d. the Great Plains of the western United States.
e. the Amazon jungle.
14. TheJu/’hoansiresidingin//Nhoq’mavillageareinatransitionphaseinwhich:
a. they are involved in ecotourism, enabling tourists to visit them.
b. they have become expert hunters, relying on meat for their caloric intake.
c. they rely on sharing and interdependence for their survival.
d. accumulation of material goods is important to their ranked society.
e. they are carrying out agriculture in addition to hunting and gathering.
15. The technology of traditional hunter-gatherers is distinctive in that it:
a. is able to harness extremely high levels of energy from a poor environment.
b. is predominantly based on manual tools fashioned from their natural environment.
c. requires high energy input from outside their habitat.
d. is so rudimentary that they struggle endlessly for mere subsistence.
e. is not adaptive to any particular environment, but is a form of broad-spectrum technology.
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Chapter7—SubsistencePatterns
16. Food production became important for humans approximately:
a. 1.2 million years ago.
b. 450,000 years ago.
c. 10,000 years ago.
d. 4,200 years ago.
e. 2,000 years ago.
17. The Inuit of the Arctic region:
a. hunt reindeer but not seals; they believe the latter are sacred.
b. seldom have an adequate protein supply.
c. rely heavily on horticulture.
d. rely on modern technology to aid in their food collecting strategies.
e. hunt both reindeer and seals, but not whales.
18. Which of the following statements about Inuit social organization is FALSE?
a. The Inuit gather into large hunting parties to hunt seals, fish, and caribou. During the summer months they live
in small, nuclear families.
b. The Inuit hunt caribou and fish in small groups and hunt for seals in large hunting parties.
c. The Inuit always hunt in small groups of men who are related to each other by blood or marriage.
d. The Inuit live in permanent settlements and hunt only sporadically in small groups.
e. The Inuit no longer live a traditional hunting and gathering life, but they do hunt occasionally in large groups.
Chapter7—SubsistencePatterns
19. Recent research on hunters-gatherers indicates all of the following EXCEPT:
a. some hunter-gatherers have never had direct contact with technologically-advanced populations.
b. some hunter-gatherers are chronically undernourished.
c. there are occasional seasonal fluctuations in the hunter-gatherer diet.
d. many hunter-gatherers spend significantly less amounts of time in subsistence than we originally thought.
e. some hunter-gatherers have been involved in raiding and fighting with other groups.
20. Which of the following statements is true about traditional hunters and gatherers?
a. They live in harsh environments on the verge of extinction and starvation.
b. They use primitive tools, which are generally non-functional.
c. They are sedentary subsistence farmers requiring annual relocation of the main house.
d. They depend closely on the natural environment for their subsistence strategy.
e. They survive on a limited range of food stuffs acquired only by trade.
21. Which form of hunting do many world global economies depend on?
a. Bow hunting
b. Rifle hunting
c. Trapping
d. Fishing
e. Spearing
22. What is a locavore?
a. A person who hunts and gathers
b. A type of animal that lives in arid environments
c. A person who eats primarily locally-grown foods
d. A person who eats only organic foods
e. A diet that is based on both vegetables and meat
23. The domestication of plants may be a result of all of the following EXCEPT:
a. population pressure and territoriality.
b. sufficient technology and knowledge related to plant manipulation.
c. adequate knowledge of the environment.
d. settlement and subsistence patterns, and related human decision-making.
e. people’sinabilitytoadapttochangesintheenvironment.
24. The Neolithic Revolution stimulated all of the following EXCEPT:
a. a growth in population size.
b. a greater division of labor.
c. more permanent settlements.
d. a reduced amount of productive labor.
e. a less varied diet
25. The Neolithic Revolution:
a. caused all societies that existed at the time to become shifting cultivators.
b. freed people from ties to the land.
c. gave humans a measure of control over their food supply.
d. caused food collecting societies to disappear.
e. made people much more migratory.
26. The development of crop cultivation makes specialization of labor possible because:
a. there is little need for more technology.
b. group intelligence improves with a cereal-based diet.
c. more people can be freed to engage in an activity other than food production since farming is more efficient
than food collecting.
d. the extra time generated by more efficient technology allows people to go to school and learn much more
complex trades.
e. the trade that results from all forms of crop cultivation motivates societies to specialize in order to control the
market.
27. How did the applied project of Susan Andreatta help fishermen in Carteret County, NC?
a. It involved direct marketing to increase awareness of local fish and fishermen among the community so that
they would buy locally.
b. It helped fishermen improve their technology so that they could fish in deeper waters and bring in more
marketable fish.
c. It created a training program for local fishermen so that they could find non-fishing-related jobs in the local
economy.
d. It supported fish-farming so that fishermen could provide fish to the market as demand increased.
e. It directed young people to professions other than fishing so that the cycle of poverty could be ended.
28. What is a paleopathologist?
a. A cultural anthropologist who studies diseases in contemporary populations
b. A physical anthropologist who studies disease among ancient peoples
c. A medical anthropologist who studies the relationship between disease and culture
d. An archaeologist who studies ancient fossils
e. An archaeologist who studies daily life among cave people
29. All of the following are results of the advent of maize farming EXCEPT:
a. there was a 300% increase in bone lesions.
b. there was a drop in life expectancy.
c. there was increased malnutrition.
d. there was a 50% increase in tooth enamel decay.
e. there was an increase in nutrition.
30. Horticulture refers to the type of farming that:
a. relies on irrigation systems and fertilizers.
b. relies predominantly on hand tools for household consumption.
c. uses human and animal energy to bring high yields of crops.
d. produces a large surplus for market.
e. involves hired labor or cooperative fields.
31. The slash-and-burn method requires:
a. an extensive land use system with a lengthy fallow period.
b. the use of purchased fertilizers to put nutrients back in the soil.
c. low biomass, so there is not much to interfere with planting.
d. the use of tractors or draft animals, minimizing the need for a labor force.
e. the use of domesticated animals for plowing.
32. Which two terms are synonymous with shifting cultivation?
a. Slash-and-burn farming and pastoralism
b. Swidden cultivation and horticulture
c. Slash-and-burn farming and swidden cultivation
d. Swidden cultivation and horticulture
e. Extensive cultivation and horticulture
33. People who practice horticulture:
a. typically use irrigation systems.
b. must shift their homes when they shift their fields.
c. grow tree crops, seed crops, or root crops.
d. do not bother with a fallow period.
e. usually keep domesticated animals for beasts of burden.
34. Nomadic pastoralism:
a. prevents people from raising as much livestock as they could if they did not migrate.
b. involves the raising of camels and cattle only.
c. does not involve any kind of commercial trade.
d. never includes cultivation of any type of grain.
e. has no permanent villages.
35. Transhumance pastoralism is a migratory pattern that:
a. only occurs in the flatlands of Uganda.
b. is found among the Kazaks of Eurasia.
c. is used only with camel herders.
d. involves seasonal movement of herds between upland and lowland pastures.
e. involves very little movement of herds, only between households and market.
36. MelvilleHerskovits,whoworkedamongEastAfricanpastoralists,contends“thecattlecomplex”referstocattleas:
a. status symbols, a food source, and a source of personal attachment.
b. animal fetishes and a food source.
c. animal psychoses.
d. the“hamburgerconnection.”
e. an animal honored by that society.
Chapter7—SubsistencePatterns
37. Which statement about the Maasai is FALSE?
a. They are being forced to settle on permanent ranches.
b. They have been very successful at managing their environment.
c. For generations, they have supplemented their diet with agricultural products.
d. They engage in controlled burning to provide better pasturage for their cattle.
e. They have experienced enormous sociocultural changes in the last 40 years.
38. The distinguishing feature of most pastoralist societies is that they:
a. never engage in warfare.
b. always live in a desert.
c. specialize in herding, grazing, and/or browsing animals.
d. consume unusually large quantities of meat.
e. produce many commercial items for the market.
39. Which of the following events was most devastating to the pastoral Maasai?
a. Deforestation
b. Colonialism
c. Drought
d. Independence
e. Advent of the automobile