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Multiple Choice
1. The most powerful socializing influence of the school is the
a.
teacher.
b.
peer group.
c.
custodian.
d.
school principal.
2. Children are likely to imitate a model who is perceived as
a.
cold.
b.
having little prestige.
c.
warm.
d.
all of these.
3. Marcus is studying to become an elementary teacher. His advisor suggested that he take a class to improve his
communication skills. In this situation, which of the following is true?
a.
He should take the class; there is a link between communicating well and being a successful teacher.
b.
He can take the class if he wants, but there is no link between successful teaching and communication skills.
c.
There is a link between teaching and communicating; however, it is in the opposite direction. Therefore, he
shouldn’t take the class because being a better communicator will actually make him a worse teacher.
d.
There is a link between teaching and communicating; however, it is only found in preschool. Therefore, he
should not take the class.
4. Which leadership style results in a discounted, hostile, but productive group in the classroom?
a.
Authoritarian
b.
Authoritative
c.
Uninvolved
d.
Laissez-faire
5. Which of the following is true?
a.
Boys have more interactions with teachers than do girls.
b.
Teachers generally respond to girls with instructions.
c.
Teachers are more likely to reprimand girls.
d.
Teachers give girls attention from a distance.
6. Davonte believes there has to be a logical reason for doing something, rather than just accepting things because that’s
how they have always been done before. Davonte’s position is one of
a.
rationalism.
b.
traditionalism.
c.
valuation.
d.
maturation.
7. Children score higher on cognitive and academic tests when their parents have finished
a.
high school only.
b.
high school and at least some college.
c.
high school and at least a bachelor’s degree.
d.
none of these; parents’ educational level is not related to achievement.
8. Children who are socialized to be open, warm, committed to mutual dependence, cooperative, sensitive to the feelings
of others, and respectful of adults and social conventions are more likely to be which of the following?
a.
Logical in their approach to tasks
b.
Field-independent
c.
Field-dependent
d.
None of these
9. According to Gardner (1999), which would not be considered a type of intelligence?
a.
Musical
b.
Linguistic
c.
Spatial
d.
Individualistic
10. According to Gardner’s model, a person who is “people smart” is exhibiting what type of intelligence?
a.
Logical-mathematical
b.
Spatial
c.
Interpersonal
d.
Intrapersonal
11. According to Gardner’s model, a person who is “body smart” is exhibiting what type of intelligence?
a.
Logical-mathematical
b.
Naturalistic
c.
Musical
d.
Body-kinesthetic
12. Public Law 99-457 authorized early intervention, which was designed to
a.
help only those children diagnosed with a specific condition.
b.
target all children who are at risk for developmental delay.
c.
target children from birth to age 2 who are at risk for developmental delay.
d.
decrease funding for at-risk children.
13. With which of the following methods are you most likely to compare a child’s performance to existing norms?
a.
Anecdotal record
b.
Rating scale
c.
Time sample
d.
Goal structure
14. Families should be included in planning for children with special needs for which of the following reasons?
a.
Parents will likely be implementing some of the training at home.
b.
Although parents have no valuable information themselves, it’s important for them to hear what the teacher
has to say.
c.
The teacher already knows exactly what goes on in the home but needs to confirm it with the parents.
d.
The teacher will be the only one receiving training in how to best work with the child.
15. According to the categories found in the text, an example of an environmental risk is
a.
poverty.
b.
prenatal exposure to drugs.
c.
having a known genetic condition.
d.
lack of access to health care.
16. Factors that can put a child at risk for later negative outcomes include which of the following?
a.
Certain patterns of genetic inheritance
b.
A poor prenatal environment
c.
An unhealthy perinatal environment
d.
All of these
17. Schools using the Comer model are seen as an extension of the
a.
family.
b.
neighborhood.
c.
Title IX Amendment.
d.
church.
18. The perception, acquired through negative experiences, that effort has no effect on outcomes is termed
a.
perception.
b.
zone of proximal development.
c.
learned helplessness.
d.
risk.
19. Teacher B noticed a child in her class who is withdrawn and seems to have few friends. This child also seems to be
aggressive, taking his anger out on the other children. Teacher B realizes that reasons for such behavior include which of
the following?
a.
Alcoholism in the family
b.
Violence in the family
c.
Both alcoholism and violence in the family
d.
None of these
20. The effect of parental alcoholism depends on the child’s
a.
age.
b.
gender.
c.
relationship with his or her parents.
d.
all of these.
21. Regarding victims of domestic violence, __________ likely to be victims.
a.
women are more
b.
men are more
c.
men and women are equally
d.
none of these
22. Children exposed to domestic violence are likely to
a.
be afraid a parent will be seriously injured or killed.
b.
be confused about the violence.
c.
feel guilty that they may have caused the violence.
d.
all of these.
23. Marcus teaches fifth grade. In Marcus’s classroom, learning is individualized and students are responsible for their
own learning. We would characterize Marcus’s classroom as which of the following?
a.
Teacher-directed
b.
Learned-directed
c.
Focused
d.
Extrinsic
24. If you believe that learning occurs spontaneously, and that the best learning occurs when children interact with
materials and people in their environment, you are looking at learning as
a.
a process.
b.
a product.
c.
preparation for living.
d.
preparation for learning.
25. Traditional teaching settings are characterized by _________, whereas modern teaching settings are characterized by
_________.
a.
large class size; small class size
b.
individualized with no sharing; cooperative with much sharing
c.
older teachers; younger teachers
d.
physical traits; psychological traits
26. The type of learning environment in which each student expects to have an equal chance of winning and to enjoy the
activity (win or lose) is called
a.
cooperative.
b.
individualized.
c.
competitive.
d.
self-paced.
27. When one student’s achievement of a goal is unrelated to other students’ achievement of that goal, this is called a(n)
_________ goal structure.
a.
cooperative
b.
competitive
c.
individualized
d.
team
28. When Aronson and Patenoe (1996) used the “jigsaw-puzzle” method, the result was
a.
an increase in social insults.
b.
children who were better able to finish a large puzzle piece by themselves.
c.
lower self-esteem among the children.
d.
improved attitudes toward school.
29. After Martha gave her class a test, she compared their scores to a set of existing norms for their age. Martha most
likely gave her class a(n) _________ test.
a.
hard
b.
standardized
c.
group
d.
authentic
30. Strategies that teachers should use to involve families in learning include which of the following?
a.
Keep the parents informed.
b.
Use the parents’ ideas when working with the child.
c.
Maintain ongoing communication with the parents.
d.
All of these are correct.
31. Tania and Joe would like to help their 4-year-old be ready for kindergarten next year. Which of the following is
something they should not do?
a.
Discourage writing, as the teacher will want it done a different way.
b.
Read books to the child.
c.
Encourage the child to ask questions.
d.
Give the child approval for trying new things.
32. Standardized tests may not give an accurate assessment of a child’s development because
a.
each child comes from a unique set of family experiences.
b.
maturational differences measured by standardized tests do not exist among children.
c.
all children can control a pencil by a certain age.
d.
none of these; standardized tests always provide an accurate assessment.
Completion
33. _________ refers to a biological construct that involves interpretation of stimuli by the brain.
34. The most important influence on students’ achievement is the ________________ teacher.
35. _________ refers to a policy of letting people do as they please.
36. In a study in which boys were given a craft project in an after-school group, within-group aggression was linked to
having a leader with a(n) ________ leadership style.
37. When little emphasis in a learning environment is placed on discussion, student ideas, or discovery learning, the
method is considered _________ instruction.
38. The space between what a learner can do independently and what he or she can do while participating with more
capable others is called the _________.
39. Successful classroom managers are able to _________, which means they can deal with more than one activity at the
same time.
40. Studies consistently show that _______________ have more interactions with teachers than do ______________.
41. Teacher _______________ can be used to enable children to be tolerant and respectful of differences.
42. John believes there has to be a logical reason to do something. John’s belief is best characterized as _________.
43. When time is viewed as a continuum, with no beginning and no end, this is called a(n) _________-time orientation.
44. In _________________cultures, the emphasis on social relationships and getting along extends to possessions.
45. The differential treatment of groups of people because of their class background, and the reinforcement of those
differences through the values and practices of societal institutions, is known as _________.
46. Children who live in families that are structured are found to have a(n) _________ cognitive style.
47. Field-_________ learning style refers to the kind of person who works well in groups and perceives things in terms of
the whole.
48. Skills related to solving logical problems and performing mathematical calculations are considered _________
intelligence.
49. The ability to form a mental model of concrete objects and to manipulate parts in relation to each other is considered
_________ intelligence.
50. _________ instruction refers to a teaching setting in which the child’s abilities rather than prescribed academic
content provide the basis for the teaching techniques that are used.
51. The principle of _________ refers to the mandate that children with disabilities are to be placed with nondisabled
peers whenever appropriate.
52. Lin records everything a child does for a certain period of time each day. Lin is using the _____ assessment method.
53. Any program designed to meet the special needs of children with disabilities must involve the __________________.
54. Risk factors affecting infants and children can be classified as genetic, prenatal, perinatal, and
______________________.
55. _________ refers to the ability to withstand and rebound from crises or persistent challenges.
56. A chronic, progressive, and potentially fatal disease characterized by excessive tolerance for and physical dependence
on alcohol is called _________.
57. The condition associated with prenatal alcohol exposure is known as _________.
58. The systematic abuse by one person in an intimate relationship in order to control and dominate the partner is termed
_________.
59. The researcher best known for the idea that any person can be conditioned to learn provided he or she is presented
with appropriate reinforcers is _________.
60. In a learner-directed classroom, __________________motivation guides children’s learning.
61. Students in traditional, teacher-directed classrooms tended to perform better __________________ than students in
modern, learner-directed programs.
62. Stephanie has a classroom in which the students work together to accomplish shared goals. Stephanie’s classroom
would be characterized by a(n) _________ goal structure.
63. In ___________________ goal setting, each student expects to be left alone by other students and to take a major part
of the responsibility for completing the task.
64. When schools and teachers are held responsible for student learning and/or achievement outcomes, this is called
_________.
65. When evaluations are based on real performance showing mastery of a task rather than performance on a specific test,
the process is referred to as _________ assessment.
66. When individual test scores are compared to norms on scientifically selected items, the process is called _________
testing.
Subjective Short Answer
67. Describe the various roles a teacher can play, including how they relate to modeling and leadership.
68. Describe differences in teacher–student interaction based on gender.
69. Compare/contrast an authoritarian teacher with one who has a democratic or laissez-faire style.
70. Regarding the study by Duncan and Magnuson (2005), describe the academic achievement of disadvantaged children
by income, education, family structure, and neighborhood.
71. Describe how adults help foster field-dependence and field-independence.
72. Imagine you are explaining Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences to a group of high school seniors. Describe
what you would say, including categories of intelligence as found in the text.
73. Mary Ella is a child who has been repeatedly exposed to family violence. Based on your readings, describe the kinds
of feelings one would expect Mary Ella to have.
74. Describe how a classroom with an individualistic perspective might look different from one that is collectivistic.
Focus your answer on differences related to objects/people, possessions, achievement goals, and social roles.
75. Describe how a teacher-directed model differs from a learner-directed model on the dimensions of structure,
management, curriculum, motivation, and method.
76. Detail how students’ expectations for learning vary according to the goal structure of the classroom. Base your
answer on the three types of goal structures described in your textbook.
77. Describe the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act as it relates to children’s learning in the classroom.
78. Compare and contrast authentic assessments and standardized tests as a means of accountability.
