d.
acetyl CoA molecules
e.
insulin
66. Which functions are first to be affected when a person begins to drink alcohol?
a.
Speech and vision
b.
Judgment and reasoning
c.
Voluntary muscle control
d.
Respiration and heart function
e.
Balance and coordination
67. The Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome in people with chronic alcohol abuse stems primarily from a
deficiency of ____.
a.
folate
b.
thiamin
c.
antidiuretic hormone
d.
alcohol dehydrogenase
e.
protein
68. Which statement is true regarding alcoholic beverages containing caffeine?
a.
The FDA has banned their sales.
b.
The time needed to be intoxicated is slowed by caffeine.
c.
The presence of caffeine slows down consumption.
d.
The caffeine slows the development of alcohol-induced impairment.
e.
The presence of caffeine improves an individual’s judgment about his or her level of
intoxication.
69. What is the median weekly number of alcoholic drinks consumed by college students in general?
a.
1 ½
b.
3
c.
5
d.
10
e.
14 1/2
70. What proportion of all domestic violence incidents involve alcohol use?
a.
25%
b.
35%
c.
45%
d.
55%
e.
65%
COMPLETION
1. The process by which green plants use the sun’s energy to make carbohydrates from carbon dioxide
and water is ____________________.
2. Some of the energy released during the breakdown of glucose, glycerol, fatty acids, and amino acids is
captured in the high-energy compound with three phosphate groups called ____________________.
3. Enzyme helpers are called ____________________.
4. In the TCA (tricarboxylic acid; Krebs) cycle, ____________________ is broken down into
____________________ and ____________________,
5. When the body needs energy quickly, pyruvate is converted to ____________________; when the
energy expenditure is slower, pyruvate is broken down into ____________________.
6. Fatty acids are taken apart two carbons at a time in a series of reactions known as
____________________.
7. The final common metabolic pathway for carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids is the
____________________.
8. The making of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources is called ____________________.
9. In the absence of adequate energy intake, ____________________ are formed from combining acetyl
CoA fragments derived from fatty acids.
10. In the first step of alcohol metabolism, alcohol dehydrogenase oxidizes alcohol to
____________________.
MATCHING
a.
Ethyl
k.
Cori cycle
b.
Urea
l.
Lactate
c.
MEOS
m.
Acetoacetate
d.
Water
n.
Acetyl CoA
e.
Glucose
o.
Pyruvate
f.
Enzyme
p.
Triglyceride
g.
Glycogen
q.
Gastric alcohol dehydrogenase
h.
Glycerol
r.
Synthesis of pyruvate from glycogen
i.
Ammonia
s.
Synthesis of cholesterol from acetate
j.
Coenzyme
t.
Synthesis of acetyl CoA from glucose
1. Example of an anabolic reaction
2. Example of a catabolic reaction
3. A protein that accelerates a chemical reaction
4. A small non-protein organic substance that promotes optimal activity of an enzyme
5. A product of glycolysis
6. A product of pyruvate metabolism when oxygen is limited
7. The oxidation product of pyruvate
8. A recycling process of converting lactate to glucose
9. An irreversible reaction
10. The part of a triglyceride that is convertible to glucose
11. A product of deamination
12. A compound synthesized from acetyl CoA when ATP is plentiful
13. The principal nitrogen-containing waste product
14. Waste product of the electron transport chain
15. A storage form of carbohydrate
16. The major energy fuel for the central nervous system
17. A ketone
18. An enzyme with activity levels related to a person’s sex
19. The type of alcohol in distilled spirits, wine, and beer
20. A system for metabolizing drugs and alcohol
1. List four of the liver’s functions in the metabolism of each of these nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, and
proteins.
2. What are the major differences between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism? Give an example of an
aerobic reaction and an anaerobic reaction.
3. Explain the roles of protein and fat as nutrients for gluconeogenesis. What are the circumstances that
favor low and high rates of gluconeogenesis?
4. How does the electron transport chain function in the synthesis of ATP?
5. Describe interactions among the energy nutrients when each is consumed in excess.
6. Discuss ways in which the body’s metabolism adapts to conditions of fasting/starvation. How do these
adaptations affect the rate of weight loss when a person follows a low-kcalorie diet?
7. What is ketosis and how can it be identified? What conditions typically induce a state of ketosis? What
are the adverse effects of this condition?
8. How does the body respond to a low-carbohydrate diet?
9. Compare and contrast the metabolism of alcohol in men versus women.
ANS:
10. Describe the two major pathways for metabolism of alcohol in the liver. How does the liver adapt
when forced to metabolize high quantities of alcohol on a daily basis?
11. Discuss ways in which alcohol interferes with metabolism of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins,
minerals, and water.
12. Describe the effects of excess alcohol intake on folate utilization.
13. Describe specific effects of alcohol on each of the following organs: heart, kidney, and brain.
14. Describe the interactions related to alcohol-containing beverages spiked with caffeine.
15. List six common myths concerning alcohol use and discuss ways to dispel them.
