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Chapter 6—Individual Factors: Moral Philosophies and Values
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Moral philosophy refers to
a.
a subject that most businesspeople do not consider very important.
b.
the morality of business activities.
c.
the principles or rules that people use to decide what is right and wrong.
d.
the legality of business activities.
e.
the principles or rules that policymakers use to create legislation.
2. Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of its consequences for
everyone affected (seeks the greatest good for the greatest number)?
a.
Act deontology
b.
Rule deontology
c.
Egoism
d.
Utilitarianism
e.
Hedonism
3. Which moral philosophy considers an act to be morally right or acceptable if it produces some desired
result?
a.
Teleology
b.
Deontology
c.
The relativist perspective
d.
Ethical formalism
e.
Hedonism
4. Which moral philosophy focuses on the rights of individuals and on the intentions associated with a
particular behavior, rather than its consequences?
a.
Deontology
b.
The relativist perspective
c.
Teleology
d.
Egoism
e.
Utilitarianism
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5. _____ are person-specific, whereas _____ are based on decisions made by groups or when carrying
out tasks to meet business objectives.
a.
Organizational factors; business ethics
b.
Codes of conduct; individual factors
c.
Individual factors; codes of conduct
d.
Business ethics; moral philosophies
e.
Moral philosophies; business ethics
6. According to Kohlberg’s model, as a person progresses through the stages of moral development, and
with time, education, and experience, he/she
a.
is unlikely to change his/her values and ethical behavior.
b.
may change his/her values and ethical behavior.
c.
will likely be promoted.
d.
will depend more on the input of significant others in ethical decision making.
e.
will experience less opportunity to behave unethically.
7. An individual who defines what is right by considering his/her duty to society, not just to other
specific people, is in which of Kohlberg’s stages of cognitive moral development?
a.
Punishment and obedience
b.
Individual instrumental purpose and exchange
c.
Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and conformity
d.
Social system and conscience maintenance
e.
Prior rights, social contract, or utility
8. Which is the last of Kohlberg’s stages of cognitive moral development?
a.
Individual instrumental purpose and exchange
b.
Need achievement
c.
Social system and conscience maintenance
d.
Punishment and obedience
e.
Universal ethical principles
9. A person who offers a facilitation payment in order to secure a contract that will keep her company
from going bankrupt and laying off hundreds of employees may be a(n)
a.
egoist.
b.
teleologist.
c.
utilitarian.
d.
relativist.
e.
humanitarian.
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10. Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of its conformity to general
moral principles and respect for individual rights?
a.
The relativist perspective
b.
Act utilitarianism
c.
Rule utilitarianism
d.
Act deontology
e.
Rule deontology
11. _____ is considered the father of free market capitalism. He believed that business was and should be
guided by the morals of good men.
a.
John Maynard Keynes
b.
Henry Kissinger
c.
George Washington
d.
Adam Smith
e.
Lawrence Kohlberg
12. _____ believe that no one thing is intrinsically good.
a.
Hedonists
b.
Pluralists
c.
Relativists
d.
Deontologists
e.
Teleologists
13. Kant’s categorical imperative and the Golden Rule are examples of which moral philosophy?
a.
Teleology
b.
Deontology
c.
The relativist perspective
d.
Egoism
e.
Utilitarianism
14. A marketing manager who orders that a manufacturing plant be refitted to make it safer for workers,
no matter what the cost, may be a(n) _____ because he believes in the rights of all individuals.
a.
egoist
b.
utilitarian
c.
deontologist
d.
relativist
e.
hedonist
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15. Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of principles or rules
designed to promote the greatest overall utility rather than by examining situations individually?
a.
Rule utilitarianism
b.
Act utilitarianism
c.
Rule deontology
d.
Act deontology
e.
Egoism
16. Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of the equity, fairness, and
impartiality of the action, with rules serving as guidelines in the decision-making process?
a.
Rule utilitarianism
b.
Act utilitarianism
c.
Rule deontology
d.
Act deontology
e.
The relativist perspective
17. Which moral perspective defines ethical behavior subjectively from the unique experiences of
individuals and groups?
a.
Virtue ethics
b.
Egoism
c.
The relativist perspective
d.
Absolutism
e.
Justice
18. Through time an act can come to be viewed as unethical under which of the following philosophies
and perspectives?
a.
The relativist perspective
b.
Teleology
c.
Deontology
d.
Egoism
e.
Rule deontology
19. _____ typically focuses on the end result of actions and happiness created by them, whereas _____
emphasizes the means and motives by which actions are justified.
a.
Pragmatism; hedonism
b.
Deontology; pragmatism
c.
Utilitarianism; deontology
d.
Utilitarianism; a goodness theory
e.
A goodness theory; an obligation theory
20. An individual who believes that an action is ethical because others within his or her company and
industry regularly engage in the activity is probably a(n)
a.
utilitarian.
b.
relativist.
c.
teleologist.
d.
deontologist.
e.
egoist.
21. Enlightened egoism
a.
is when an individual puts spiritual feelings above all others.
b.
centers completely on the short-term well-being of others.
c.
centers on one’s short-term self-interest.
d.
centers on one’s long-term self-interest but takes others’ well-being into account.
e.
centers on the long-term well-being of others.
22. Which moral philosophy is based on the premise that equal respect must be given to all persons?
a.
The relativist perspective
b.
Deontology
c.
Egoism
d.
Teleology
e.
Utilitarianism
23. _____ have lower ethical issue sensitivity, meaning they are less likely to detect ethical issues. They
may be more committed to completing projects and more dedicated to group values and objectives.
a.
Relativists
b.
Hedonists
c.
Pragmatists
d.
Deontologists
e.
Teleologists
24. _____ justice is based on the evaluation of outcomes or results of the business relationship.
a.
Procedural
b.
Interactional
c.
Distributive
d.
Ethical
e.
Egotistical
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25. Kohlberg’s six stages of cognitive moral development can be reduced to three levels of ethical concern.
Persons at the second level
a.
define right as that which conforms to the expectations of good behavior of the larger
society.
b.
see beyond the norms, laws, and authority of groups or individuals.
c.
are concerned with their immediate interests and with external rewards and punishments.
d.
are concerned with their long-term interests and with internal rewards and punishments.
e.
are unethical.
26. _____ argues that ethical behavior involves not only adhering to conventional moral standards but also
considering what a mature person with a “good” moral character would deem appropriate.
a.
Act utilitarianism
b.
Virtue ethics
c.
Reciprocity
d.
Hedonism
e.
Rule deontology
27. When a person defines right and wrong on the basis of legal contracts, he or she is using which of
Kohlberg’s stages of development?
a.
Punishment and obedience (1st stage)
b.
Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and conformity (3rd stage)
c.
Social system and conscience maintenance (4th stage)
d.
Prior rights, social contract, or utility (5th stage)
e.
Universal ethical principles (6th stage)
28. _____ deals with the issue of what individuals feel they are due based on their rights and performance
in the workplace, and therefore is more likely to be based on deontological moral philosophies than on
teleological or utilitarian ones.
a.
Rights
b.
Virtue ethics
c.
Justice
d.
Relativism
e.
Egoism
29. A central problem with virtue ethics is
a.
that it emphasizes people’s differences, not similarities.
b.
that few people believe that these principles are important.
c.
that they are very complicated.
d.
that they represent unattainable goals.
e.
that many feel that virtue ethics only works in theory.
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30. Which is not considered a white collar crime?
a.
Corporate tax evasion
b.
Credit card fraud
c.
Insider trading
d.
Identity theft
e.
Mugging someone
31. An individual who emphasizes others rather than himself or herself in making decisions is in which of
the following of Kohlberg’s stages of development?
a.
Universal ethical principles (6th stage)
b.
Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and conformity (3rd stage)
c.
Social system and conscience maintenance (4th stage)
d.
Punishment and obedience (1st stage)
e.
Prior rights, social contract, or utility (5th stage)
32. Eric views animal research in the pharmaceutical industry as a way to improve drugs that will benefit
mankind. Which moral philosophy most closely represents his viewpoint?
a.
Egoism
b.
Relativism
c.
Humanitarianism
d.
Utilitarianism
e.
Individualism
33. In Kohlberg’s model, the stage of mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and conformity
(Stage 3) differs from the stage of individual instrumental purpose and exchange (Stage 2) in terms of
the individual’s motives in
a.
considering fairness to others.
b.
maintaining the social order.
c.
considering duty to society.
d.
upholding the basic values of society.
e.
maintaining obedience to authority.
34. The elements of _____ important to business transactions have been defined as trust, self-control,
empathy, fairness, and truthfulness.
a.
egoism
b.
utilitarianism
c.
deontology
d.
moral philosophy
e.
virtue
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35. _____ justice considers the processes and activities that produce the outcome or results.
a.
Disruptive
b.
Procedural
c.
Interactional
d.
Communications
e.
Evaluative
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ESSAY
36. What is white collar crime and why has it become such a widespread problem?
37. Compare and contrast the two teleological philosophies: egoism and utilitarianism. Include a
discussion of the bases that each type uses to evaluate the morality of activities.
38. Compare and contrast the two moral philosophies: teleology and deontology. Discuss the bases each
philosophy type uses to evaluate the morality of a particular activity.
39. Discuss the distinctions between the rule and act categories of utilitarianism and deontology. Why do
you think some people evaluate the morality of an action on the basis of the action itself, whereas
others evaluate it in terms of its conformity to particular moral principles or rules of conduct?
40. Explain how the levels of Kohlberg’s model of cognitive moral development may influence a person’s
perception of and response to an ethical issue.