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True / False
1. According to the General Theory of Crime (GTC), the propensity to commit antisocial acts is indirectly tied to a
person's level of self-control.
a.
True
b.
False
2. Some individuals are incapable of maturing in a reasonable and timely fashion because of family, environmental, or
personal problems.
a.
True
b.
False
3. Trajectory theorists recognize that career delinquents may travel multiple roads.
a.
True
b.
False
4. Laub and Sampson found that adolescents who were adjudicated delinquent at an early age were no more likely to
develop antisocial attitudes as adults than were adolescents who were never adjudicated delinquent.
a.
True
b.
False
5. The low self-control children model may be intergenerational.
a.
True
b.
False
6. Some offenders may begin their careers early in life, whereas others are late bloomers who begin committing
delinquency when most people desist.
a.
True
b.
False
7. Interactional theory postulates that the onset of delinquent behavior can be traced to a deterioration of the social bond
during adolescence.
a.
True
b.
False
8. A vital feature that helps people desist from delinquency is "human agency."
a.
True
b.
False
9. Integrated theories focus on the relatively simple question: “Why do people commit crime?”
a.
True
b.
False
10. Wolfgang found that many offenders engage in frequent and repeated offending across their life span.
a.
True
b.
False
11. A small group of chronic offenders engage in frequent and repeated delinquent acts, but desist as they enter their
twenties.
a.
True
b.
False
12. A limited number of delinquency theories portray antisocial behavior as the outcome of social problems.
a.
True
b.
False
13. Life-course theorists are particularly interested in understanding why one youth persists in crime while another youth
is able to desist.
a.
True
b.
False
14. The major premise of interactional theory is that community-level risk factors make some people susceptible to
antisocial behavior.
a.
True
b.
False
15. Individual traits and childhood experiences are important in understanding the continuity of crime into adulthood.
a.
True
b.
False
16. Instead of accumulating social capital, some youth experience social problems that weigh down their life chances.
These are referred to as turning points.
a.
True
b.
False
17. Teens with high IQs and low IQs will commit equal amounts of delinquency.
a.
True
b.
False
18. Opportunity can be used to explain ecological variation in the delinquency rate.
a.
True
b.
False
19. According to the text, Zimmerman found that in high-crime neighborhoods, impulsive youth were no more delinquent
than their nonimpulsive peers.
a.
True
b.
False
20. Trajectory theory is a developmental approach that combines elements of propensity and general theory of crime.
a.
True
b.
False
21. Roscoe is interested in learning more about a theory holding the view that delinquency is a process influenced by
social experiences as well as individual characteristics. Which of the following theories should Roscoe research?
a.
Differential association
b.
Labeling
c.
Developmental
d.
Latent trait
22. Rebekah has a below-average IQ, a low amount of self-control, and a high degree of impulsivity. What would these
individual characteristics be considered?
a.
General
b.
Trajectory
c.
Propensity
d.
Latent traits
23. Jack wants to investigate the developmental theory that focuses on changes in criminality over the life span. Which of
the following theories would Jack investigate?
a.
Life-course
b.
Propensity
c.
Behavior
d.
Trajectory
24. The Gluecks identified a number of personal and social factors related to persistent offending. The most important of
those factors was family relations. What were the terms considered in the family relations?
a.
Quality of time parents spent with their children
b.
Number of children in family—division of parental time among children
c.
Family composition—intact nuclear family
d.
Quality of discipline and emotional ties with parents
25. With a focus on the forerunner of delinquency, what area did the Gluecks research?
a.
Economic conditions
b.
Early onset of delinquency
c.
School failure
d.
Abuse and neglect
26. Jill knows there are three independent yet interrelated developmental views of delinquency—propensity theory, life-
course theory, and some other theory she cannot remember. Of the following, which is the third theory?
a.
Persister theory
b.
Limited engagement theory
c.
Transitional theory
d.
Trajectory theory
27. What is a cluster of antisocial behaviors that may include family dysfunction, substance abuse, smoking, precocious
sexuality and early pregnancy, educational underachievement, suicide attempts, sensation seeking, and unemployment, as
well as delinquency called?
a.
Problem behavior syndrome
b.
Emotional and behavioral disturbance
c.
Antisocial personality disorder
d.
Oppositional defiance disorder
28. Paul was always a "hand full"; as a toddler and then preschooler he was stubborn, refusing to speak to people who
spoke to him or comply with simple requests. In elementary school, Paul's stubborn behaviors morphed into open
defiance. He would not comply with school personnel requests he go to his classroom or with his teacher when she asked
him to read or complete an assignment. At home, when asked by his parents to complete a chore or to do his homework,
Paul would stare at them and simply say, "No." When Paul entered middle school, he started staying out late and not
going to school. Eventually he started to run away whenever the mood struck him. Which of the pathways appropriately
describes Paul's delinquent behaviors?
a.
Covert pathway
b.
Overt pathway
c.
Authority conflict pathway
d.
Trajectory pathway
29. Paul's friend Peter bullied his classmates in elementary school. He started with name-calling, then moved to physical
aggression including head-slapping, tripping, and shoving. His parents did not consider this as physical aggression, really.
More like “boys will be boys.” As he got older, Paul began to engage in physical altercations. The physical fighting
grew more intense when Paul joined a gang. As a teenager, Paul was convicted in adult court of a strong-arm attack and
rape. Which pathway aligns to Paul's behavior?
a.
Covert pathway
b.
Overt pathway
c.
Authority conflict pathway
d.
Trajectory pathway
30. Mary, Peter and Paul's friend, started shoplifting in middle school. She frequently lied to her parents about how she
acquired the new clothes. One day her mother found her stash of makeup and when questioned, Mary said she found the
makeup in the pocket of a coat she purchased at Good Will. Mary was enraged that another girl at school was flirting
with someone Mary liked. She vowed revenge and got Peter and Paul to help her vandalize the girl's house and set fire to
the girl's locker at school. In high school, Mary was caught trying to forge her mother's signature on a check for a large
amount of cash. When that did not work, Mary broke into a few of the neighbors’ homes. Which of the pathways
correctly identifies Mary's escalating behaviors?
a.
Covert pathway
b.
Overt pathway
c.
Authority conflict pathway
d.
Trajectory pathway
31. Which of the following is considered to be one of the most important longitudinal studies tracking persistent
offenders?
a.
Chicago Delinquency Project
b.
Wolfgang's Philadelphia Study
c.
Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development
d.
Glueck's Harvard Study
32. In his early teenage years, Tom would get into minor tussles, engaging in what his parents referred to as "rebellious
teenage behaviors." As he reached his mid-teens, Tom started to mimic the behaviors of gang of kids at school who were
always in trouble. As he reached his senior year, Tom began to seriously consider his future. He was concerned that his
"rebellious years" might have dramatically affected his chances of getting into a good college and he seriously curtailed
his delinquent behaviors. Which of the following describes Tom's voyage into delinquency?
a.
Conflicted offender
b.
Life-course persister
c.
Escalator
d.
Adolescent-limited
33. Tom and Jerry were neighbors. Jerry would often go to Tom's house as a retreat from his own dysfunctional
household. For a short period of time, Tom and Jerry hung out together when Tom was in his rebellious years. Jerry did
not do as well as Tom in school as his cognitive abilities were lower, limiting Jerry's academic success. Additionally,
Jerry engaged in far more antisocial behavior as compared to Tom. When Tom left for college, Jerry was becoming
increasingly more entangled in drugs and criminality. Which of the following best describes Jerry?
a.
Latent trait criminality
b.
Life-course persister
c.
Escalator
d.
Adolescent-limited
34. In regard to the relationship between propensity and opportunity in the commission of delinquent acts, which of the
following is correct?
a.
Both propensity and opportunity remain stable
b.
Both propensity and opportunity fluctuate
c.
Propensity remains stable, opportunity fluctuates
d.
Propensity fluctuates, opportunity remains stable
35. What program is designed to prevent serious antisocial behavior and related adolescent problems in high-risk children
entering first grade?
a.
Bright Beginnings
b.
SMART
c.
Fast Track
d.
PATHS
36. According to Sampson and Laub, what refers to positive life experiences such as gaining employment or joining the
military, which create informal social control mechanisms that limit delinquent behavior opportunities?
a.
Turning points
b.
Cumulative advantages
c.
Social capital
d.
Maturation
37. By middle childhood, what sustains antisocial behavior?
a.
Social rejection by conventional peers
b.
Academic failure and socialization by unskilled parents
c.
Socialization by unskilled parents
d.
Social rejection by conventional peers and academic failure
38. What refers to the propensity to commit crime that profoundly and permanently disrupts normal socialization over the
life course?
a.
State dependence
b.
Cumulative disadvantages
c.
Latent trait
d.
Problem behavior syndrome
39. Mandy has a successful and lucrative career with a supportive family and boyfriend. Sampson and Laub would say
Mandy has which of the following?
a.
Strong support network
b.
Social capital
c.
Encouraging boss and family
d.
Positive reinforcement
40. Greg's assignment is to research theories that incorporate social, personal, and developmental factors into complex
explanations of human behavior. Which of the following theories should Greg research?
a.
Life-course
b.
General theory of crime
c.
Integrated
d.
Age-graded
41. Defective intelligence, damaged or impulsive personality, genetic abnormalities, and environmental influences on
brain function such as alcohol and drugs are all examples of what?
a.
Latent traits
b.
Brain patterns
c.
Antisocial traits
d.
Psychosis
42. Because a transition from one stage of life to another can be a bumpy ride, the propensity to commit crimes is viewed
as what type of process?
a.
Fluctuating
b.
Reactionary
c.
Nonstable
d.
Developmental
43. To whom can the foundation of developmental theory be traced?
a.
Marvin Wolfgang
b.
David Farrington
c.
Terrence Thornberry
d.
Sheldon and Eleanor Gleuck
44. What theory modified social control theory by adding elements of trait and rational choice theories and shifting focus
from social control to self-control?
a.
Differential association
b.
Age-graded
c.
Life-course
d.
General theory of crime
45. Which of the following completes the sentence: The late bloomer’s behavior becomes increasingly violent over time
because the late bloomer combines risk-taking behavior, poor social skills, and
a.
psychopathology.
b.
low self-control.
c.
arrested emotional development.
d.
low full-scale IQ.
46. One single factor, according to the general theory of crime, can explain all varieties of crime, from delinquency to
insider trading to murder. What is that factor?
a.
Impaired social-emotional development
b.
Psychopathologies
c.
Deteriorated social bonds
d.
Low self-control
47. Which of the following is the most prominent propensity theory today according to the text?
a.
Adolescent-limited and life-course persistent
b.
Life-course
c.
General theory of crime
d.
Age-graded
48. Which traits are life-course persistent offenders more likely to manifest as opposed to adolescent-limited offenders?
a.
Low verbal reasoning, hypoactivity
b.
High verbal reasoning, hypoactivity
c.
Hyperactivity, high verbal reasoning
d.
Low verbal reasoning, hyperactivity,
49. If you wanted to investigate a theory of delinquency that looks at the onset, continuity, and termination of a delinquent
career, which of the following would best suit your investigation?
a.
Trajectory
b.
Life-course
c.
Developmental
d.
Age-graded
50. Which of the following is a drug prevention program designed to strengthen the bonds between adults and children
and provide opportunities for positive community involvement?
a.
SMART
b.
Across Ages
c.
Positive Action
d.
Fast Track
51. What theory holds the view that that criminality is a dynamic process, influenced by social experiences as well as
individual characteristics?
52. As people mature, their thinking patterns change due to what type of changes?
53. Rather than a product of other social problems, how does problem behavior syndrome (PBS) portray crime?
54. What pathway to delinquent deviance begins at an early age with stubborn behavior, and leads to defiance and then to
authority avoidance?
55. A number of delinquency control and prevention efforts are based on what theory?
56. What theory places more emphasis on the fact that behavior is linked less to personal change and more to changes in
the surrounding world?
57. Wright and his associates found evidence that low self-control in children predicts disrupted social bonds and
delinquent offending later in life. What theory does this finding support?
58. Children who will later become the most serious delinquents begin their deviant careers at what age?
59. What theory places a lot of emphasis on the stability brought about by romantic relationships?
60. Who, according to Terrie Moffitt, are abstainers?
61. What, according to the Gluecks, is the most important factor related to persistent offending?
62. What theory holds that antisocial behavior is caused by a lack of self-control stemming from an impulsive personality?
63. According to some researchers, the general theory of crime is tautological. What is meant by “tautological”?
64. According to the text, what combined with family dysfunction predisposes life-course persisters to antisocial behavior
patterns?
65. What is social capital?
66. Incorporation of social, personal, and developmental factors into complex explanations of human behavior is
presented through what theory?
67. Children who suffer from what during the birthing process are most likely to lack self-control later in life?
68. Who are escalators?
69. The propensity to commit crime profoundly and permanently disrupts normal socialization over the life course. What
is this concept?
70. According to the text, what, since its publication, remains one of the most important and heavily researched views of
the onset and continuity of a delinquent career?
71. Describe the three interrelated views of developmental theory. Explain your overall view of this theory and which one
of the three views you find most significant.
72. Describe why the work of Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck had such a great influence on developmental theory. Explain
your view on the value of their work as it applies to problems with delinquency today.
73. In considering life-course theory, describe how disruption promotes delinquency. Explain why you agree or disagree
with this concept.
74. Describe the concept of problem behavior syndrome (PBS). Explain why you agree or disagree with this concept.
75. In considering Sampson and Laub's age-graded theory, describe the concept of social capital, including examples.
Explain why you agree or disagree with this theory.
76. Explain latent trait theories; what do you find most interesting about this theory? Explain why you agree or disagree
with this theory.
77. According to the text, what causes low self-control/impulsivity? Explain why you agree or disagree with the text.
78. Several questions and criticisms were raised regarding the general theory of crime (GTC); the text presents one of the
most important questions raised about the GTC. Identify and describe this concern. Explain why you agree or disagree
with this concern.
79. Identify and describe the three different pathways or trajectories to crime. Explain why you agree or disagree with
this theory.
80. Describe the adolescent-limited and life-course persistent offenders’ theory of crime. Explain why you agree or
disagree with this theory.
