Chapter 06 – The Peripheral Nervous System – Afferent Division – Special Senses
1. Nociceptors are sensitive to ____.
a.
sound
b.
osmolarity
c.
pain
d.
light
e.
scent
c
Bloom’s: Remember
6.1 Receptor Physiology
HUPH.SHER.16.6.1.1 – List six categories of receptors based on their sensitivities to stimuli
2. Some receptors diminish the extent of their depolarization despite sustained stimulus strength, a phenomenon called
____.
a.
reduction
b.
depolarizing
c.
ionization
d.
evolution
e.
adaptation
3. What are rapidly adapting receptors called?
a.
phasic
b.
tonic
c.
clonic
d.
depolarizing
e.
responsive
4. What kind of tactile receptor is stimulated by light, sustained touch?
a.
Pacinian corpuscles
b.
Merkel’s discs
c.
Ruffini endings
d.
Meissner’s corpuscles
e.
dermatomes
Bloom’s: Remember
6.1 Receptor Physiology
HUPH.SHER.16.6.1.3 – Contrast the inputs carried by visceral and sensory afferents
5. How many tactile mechanoreceptors are estimated to be in a typical fingertip?
a.
17,000
b.
5,000
c.
1,700
d.
500
e.
170
a
6.1 Receptor Physiology
HUPH.SHER.16.6.1.5 – Discuss the two factors that influence acuity
6. What kind of nerves carries subconscious input information?
a.
sensory afferent
b.
sensory efferent
c.
visceral afferent
d.
visceral efferent
e.
peripheral motor
c
6.1 Receptor Physiology
HUPH.SHER.16.6.1.4 – Describe the labeling of somatosensory pathways
7. During precortical processing of sensory input, some features of stimuli are accentuated and others are suppressed
through ____.
a.
precortical filtering
b.
desensitization
c.
cortical damping
d.
medial inhibition
e.
lateral inhibition
e
6.1 Receptor Physiology
HUPH.SHER.16.6.1.6 – Define perception
8. How many categories of pain receptors are there?
a.
six
b.
five
c.
four
d.
three
e.
two
6.2 Pain
HUPH.SHER.16.6.2 – Summarize the protective mechanism of pain
9. What compound greatly sensitizes all nociceptors to noxious stimuli?
a.
serotonin
b.
adrenalin
c.
prostaglandins
d.
dopamine
e.
glucose
c
6.2 Pain
HUPH.SHER.16.6.2 – Summarize the protective mechanism of pain
10. What nerve fibers constitute the “fast pain” pathway?
a.
A-alpha fibers
b.
A-delta fibers
c.
A-beta fibers
d.
B fibers
e.
C fibers
6.2 Pain
HUPH.SHER.16.6.2 – Summarize the protective mechanism of pain
11. What is the fastest transmission rate of A-delta fibers?
a.
up to 300 m/sec
b.
up to 30 m/sec
c.
up to 3 m/sec
d.
up to 30 cm/sec
e.
up to 3 cm/sec
6.2 Pain
HUPH.SHER.16.6.2 – Summarize the protective mechanism of pain
12. What painkilling and mood enhancing compounds are released during prolonged exercise, such as jogging?
a.
endorphins
b.
enkephalins
c.
dynorphins
d.
substance P
e.
alcohols
a
HUPH.SHER.16.6.2.2 – Describe the built-in analgesic system of the brain
13. What gland produces tears?
Chapter 06 – The Peripheral Nervous System – Afferent Division – Special Senses
a.
lateral gland
b.
crimson gland
c.
lacrimal gland
d.
luminal gland
e.
pineal gland
c
6.3 Eye: Vision
HUPH.SHER.16.6.3.1 – Describe the protective mechanisms that help prevent eye injuries
14. Within the eye, what innermost pigment layer contains nervous tissue?
a.
vitreous humor
b.
choroid
c.
retina
d.
sclera
e.
cornea
c
6.3 Eye: Vision
HUPH.SHER.16.6.3.2 – Describe the structure of the eye
15. What happens when the radial muscle of the eye contracts or shortens?
a.
The size of the pupil decreases.
b.
The size of the pupil increases.
c.
The lens becomes more concave.
d.
The lens becomes more convex.
e.
The iris reflects less light.
6.3 Eye: Vision
HUPH.SHER.16.6.3.3 – Outline the functions of the individual components of the eye
16. The photoreceptors in the eye are sensitive only to wavelengths between ____.
a.
40 and 70 nanometers
b.
400 and 700 nanometers
c.
4 and 7 micrometers
d.
40 and 70 micrometers
e.
400 and 700 micrometers
6.3 Eye: Vision
17. The strength of the lens depends on its shape, which in turn is regulated by what muscle?
Chapter 06 – The Peripheral Nervous System – Afferent Division – Special Senses
a.
constrictor muscle
b.
radial muscle
c.
suspensory muscle
d.
ciliary muscle
e.
circulatory muscle
6.3 Eye: Vision
18. What condition occurs when the lens of the eye loses elasticity and can no longer assume the spherical shape required
to accommodate for near vision?
a.
myopia
b.
optomia
c.
macular degeneration
d.
cataracts
e.
presbyopia
e
6.3 Eye: Vision
19. What photosensitive cells within the retina perceive colors?
a.
cones
b.
rods
c.
bipolar cells
d.
horizontal cells
e.
ganglions
a
6.3 Eye: Vision
HUPH.SHER.16.6.3.7 – Compare the two photoreceptor cells
20. What is the photopigment in rods?
a.
melatonin
b.
rhodopsin
c.
opsin
d.
transducen
e.
carotene
6.3 Eye: Vision
HUPH.SHER.16.6.3.7 – Compare the two photoreceptor cells
21. What colors do cones sense?
a.
light grey, medium grey, and dark grey
b.
yellow, violet, and green
c.
green, orange, and violet
d.
red, yellow, and blue
e.
red, green, and blue
e
6.3 Eye: Vision
HUPH.SHER.16.6.3.7 – Compare the two photoreceptor cells
22. Night blindness is a result of a deficiency of what nutrient?
a.
glutamate
b.
vitamin E
c.
vitamin B6
d.
vitamin A
e.
zinc
6.3 Eye: Vision
HUPH.SHER.16.6.3.8 – Discuss the processes of dark and light adaptation
23. Where is the optic chiasm located?
a.
underneath the hypothalamus
b.
underneath the pons
c.
underneath the brain stem
d.
in the occipital lobe
e.
in the visual cortex
a
6.3 Eye: Vision
24. Depth perception relies on what kind of field of vision?
a.
diplopia
b.
color vision
c.
binocular
d.
monocular
e.
fovea
c
6.3 Eye: Vision
HUPH.SHER.16.6.3.9 – State the significance of thalamus and visual cortex on the visual
25. What two sensory systems are in the inner ear?
a.
eardrum and pinna
b.
auditory ossicles and eustachian tube
c.
cochlea and auditory ossicles
d.
cochlea and vestibular apparatus
e.
vestibular apparatus and semicircular canals
6.4 Ear: Hearing and Equilibrium
HUPH.SHER.16.6.4 – Describe the structure and functions of the three parts of the ear
26. Human ears can detect sound waves between which ranges of frequencies?
a.
2 to 20 hertz
b.
10 to 100 megahertz
c.
100 to 200 megahertz
d.
1 to 10,000 hertz
e.
20 to 20,000 hertz
e
6.4 Ear: Hearing and Equilibrium
HUPH.SHER.16.6.4.2 – Explain three characteristics of sound waves
27. The eustachian tube connects the middle ear to the ____.
a.
pharynx
b.
larynx
c.
outer ear
d.
frontal sinuses
e.
cochlea
a
6.4 Ear: Hearing and Equilibrium
28. How many parallel rows of hair are in the organ of Corti?
a.
one
b.
two
c.
three
d.
four
e.
five
6.4 Ear: Hearing and Equilibrium
message
29. Pitch discrimination depends on the shape and properties of the ____.
a.
basilar membrane
b.
ossicles
c.
stereocilia
d.
microvilli
e.
inner hair cells
a
6.4 Ear: Hearing and Equilibrium
HUPH.SHER.16.6.4.6 – Discuss how the basilar membrane affects pitch discrimination
30. What are the actin-stiffened microvilli in the organ of Corti?
a.
Corti hairs
b.
tip link hair
c.
stereovilli
d.
microcilia
e.
stereocilia
e
6.4 Ear: Hearing and Equilibrium
HUPH.SHER.16.6.4.5 – Discuss the structure and significance of the organ of Corti
31. What is the most common cause of partial hearing loss (neural presbycusis)?
a.
exposure to loud noises over 150 dB
b.
degenerative wearing out of hair cells
c.
rupture of the eardrum
d.
middle ear infections
e.
organ of Corti defect
6.4 Ear: Hearing and Equilibrium
HUPH.SHER.16.6.4.8 – Discuss the two types of deafness and their solutions
32. Hearing damage can occur from brief exposure to high-intensity sounds, but also from frequent exposure to
moderately loud noises greater than what sound level?
a.
75 dB
b.
95 dB
c.
125 dB
d.
150 dB
e.
175dB
a
6.4 Ear: Hearing and Equilibrium
HUPH.SHER.16.6.4.5 – Discuss the structure and significance of the organ of Corti
33. Approximately how many chemoreceptors for taste sensation (taste buds) are present in the oral cavity and throat of a
human being?
a.
50,000
b.
10,000
c.
5,000
d.
1,000
e.
500
6.5 Chemical Senses: Taste and Smell
HUPH.SHER.16.6.5 – Summarize the mechanisms of taste and smell
34. Where in the brain is taste perceived?
a.
occipital lobe
b.
thalamus
c.
primary gustatory cortex
d.
prefrontal cortex
e.
lateral geniculate bodies
c
6.5 Chemical Senses: Taste and Smell
HUPH.SHER.16.6.5.1 – Describe the location of taste receptor cells
35. What taste sensation is elicited by the most chemically diverse group of tastants?
a.
sweet
b.
salty
c.
bitter
d.
sour
e.
fatty
c
6.5 Chemical Senses: Taste and Smell
HUPH.SHER.16.6.5.2 – Identify stimuli for the five established primary taste sensations
36. What are the cells called within the glomeruli of the olfactory bulbs?
a.
bulbous cells
b.
glomular cells
c.
globular cells
d.
mitral cells
e.
primary cells
6.5 Chemical Senses: Taste and Smell
HUPH.SHER.16.6.4.7 – Discuss how amplitude of vibration affects loudness discrimination
37. Approximately how many olfactory receptors are within the human nose?
a.
5,000
b.
500,000
c.
1,000,000
d.
5,000,000
e.
50,000,000
6.5 Chemical Senses: Taste and Smell
HUPH.SHER.16.6.5 – Summarize the mechanisms of taste and smell
38. What does the vomeronasal organ (VNO) within the nose detect?
a.
bitter taste
b.
noxious scents
c.
ambient pressure
d.
humidity
e.
pheromones
e
6.5 Chemical Senses: Taste and Smell
39. What do pheromones influence in animals and likely people?
a.
fight or flight response
b.
lactation
c.
aggression
d.
hunger
e.
sociosexual behavior
e
6.5 Chemical Senses: Taste and Smell
40. Osmoreceptors detect changes in the concentration of solutes in the extracellular fluid.
a.
True
b.
False
True
6.1 Receptor Physiology
HUPH.SHER.16.6.1.1 – List six categories of receptors based on their sensitivities to stimuli
41. Tonic receptors do not adapt or adapt slowly.
a.
True
b.
False
42. Sensory information is categorized as somatic (body sense) sensation or special senses.
a.
True
b.
False
True
43. The smaller the receptive field is in a region, the less its acuity or discriminative ability.
a.
True
b.
False
False
44. Perception is our unconscious interpretation of the external world as created by the brain from a pattern of nerve
impulses delivered to it from mechanoreceptors.
a.
True
b.
False
False
45. Substance P is unique to pain fibers and activates ascending pathways that transmit nociceptive signals to higher levels
for further processing.
a.
True
b.
False
True
46. Perception of pain occurs in the thalamus.
a.
True
b.
False