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True / False
1. Most prisons in the United States operate using the reintegration model of incarceration.
a.
True
b.
False
2. Roughly half of all current federal inmates are incarcerated for various types of property and white-collar offenses.
a.
True
b.
False
3. In the United States, most offenders are held in federal-level prisons.
a.
True
b.
False
4. Nearly half of all state-operated correctional facilities in the United States are located in the South.
a.
True
b.
False
5. Today’s prisons do not differ greatly in terms of design and operation.
a.
True
b.
False
6. The most frequent type of offense of federal prisoners is drug related.
a.
True
b.
False
7. The custodial model of corrections emphasizes the provision of treatment programs designed to reform the offender.
a.
True
b.
False
8. From 1930 to 1980 the incarceration rate in the United States grew exponentially.
a.
True
b.
False
9. Reformers associated with the birth of the prison believed that offenders could be redeemed only if they were removed
from the distractions of the city.
a.
True
b.
False
10. Most state-level inmates in the United States are housed in maximum-security prisons.
a.
True
b.
False
11. Prison construction is not an explanation for the increased rate of incarceration in the United States.
a.
True
b.
False
12. Departments of Corrections are usually unable to control the flow of offenders sent to them by the courts.
a.
True
b.
False
13. Private entrepreneurs argue that they can build and run prisons as effectively, safely, and humanely as any level of
government can.
a.
True
b.
False
14. Both male and female state prisons are classified according to the level of security deemed necessary.
a.
True
b.
False
15. A prison constructed in the form of a wheel, with spokes radiating from a central core, is known as the courtyard style.
a.
True
b.
False
Multiple Choice
16. ______________, the oldest prison in America, was built in 1798 and still houses inmates today.
a.
Eastern State Penitentiary (PA)
b.
Auburn State Penitentiary (NY)
c.
Trenton State Prison (NJ)
d.
Salem State Prison (MA)
17. The image of the ________ was popularized in movies and television shows and is still very much the portrayal of
what most Americans believe prison to be.
a.
“castle”
b.
“hole”
c.
“rock”
d.
“big house”
18. The major focus of corrections today seems to have shifted to a _____________ model of corrections; a model that
emphasizes the importance of incarceration.
a.
crime-control
b.
treatment-centered
c.
restorative-justice
d.
community-oriented
19. Which of the following is not one of the three main models of incarceration that have dominated US correctional
systems over the last six decades?
a.
reintegration
b.
custodial
c.
rehabilitation
d.
retributive
20. Which model of incarceration focuses on the goals of deterrence, incapacitation, and retribution?
a.
reintegration
b.
custodial
c.
rehabilitation
d.
retributive
21. Which of the following prison designs is most often used today for maximum-security prisons in the United States?
a.
radial
b.
telephone pole
c.
courtyard style
d.
campus style
22. Which of the following prison designs has been used traditionally to house both women and juvenile offenders?
a.
radial
b.
telephone pole
c.
courtyard style
d.
campus style
23. The majority of adult prisons in the United States are located in ________ areas.
a.
urban
b.
suburban
c.
municipal
d.
rural
24. Most federal inmates in the United States tend to be
a.
Hispanic males.
b.
African American males.
c.
white males.
d.
Middle Eastern males.
25. What corporation was fined more than $40,000 for hiring unqualified alcohol counselors at one of their correctional
centers?
a.
Corrections Corporation of America
b.
Wackenhut Private Security Inc.
c.
American Corrections Inc.
d.
Corrections USA Inc.
26. The three most common classification levels for male offenders in most US states include all of the following, except
the _________ level.
a.
camp
b.
minimum
c.
medium
d.
maximum
27. Nearly _____ percent of all state-level inmates are housed in maximum security facilities.
a.
10
b.
20
c.
30
d.
40
28. Researchers now recognize that the size of the prison population is not driven by the amount of crime; it is driven by
____________.
a.
the War on Drugs
b.
public policy
c.
media coverage
d.
gang violence
29. Currently, the largest racial/ethnic group in state-level US prisons is ___________.
a.
Caucasian
b.
Latino
c.
African American
d.
Asian
30. The _____________ is responsible for individuals charged with and convicted of federal crimes.
a.
US Secret Service
b.
Office of the Inspector General
c.
Bureau of Prisons
d.
Federal Bureau of Investigation
31. Prisons house convicted offenders who have been sentenced to terms of________________________.
a.
three to six months
b.
anything up to one year
c.
less than one year
d.
more than one year
32. The __________ model developed during the 1950s.
a.
rehabilitation
b.
reintegration
c.
crime control
d.
custodial
33. More than __________ are incarcerated in US jails and prisons.
a.
1.3 million
b.
2.3 million
c.
3.2 million
d.
5.3 million
34. Forty states and the federal government now operate prisons that exceed the maximum security level; these facilities
are classified as __________.
a.
ultramax
b.
fortress level
c.
super-max
d.
prison camps
35. The nation’s first prisons were built utilizing the _____________ design; a design modeled after Pennsylvania’s
Western and Eastern state penitentiaries.
a.
telephone-pole
b.
radial
c.
campus-style
d.
courtyard
36. A ______________ strategy calls for building new prisons to meet the demand for prison space.
a.
treatment
b.
creation
c.
rehabilitation
d.
construction
37. The strategy of doing nothing to relieve crowding in prisons is called the ______________.
a.
do-nothing strategy
b.
ignore-the-problem strategy
c.
null strategy
d.
wait-and-see strategy
38. Which of the following is not one of the four basic prison designs currently used in the United States?
a.
telephone pole
b.
warehouse
c.
radial
d.
campus style
39. The average incarceration rate from 2000–2010 _____________ from the incarceration rate in the 1990s
a.
did not change
b.
decreased dramatically
c.
decreased
d.
increased
40. Which of the following is NOT considered to be one of the prominent explanations as to why the US incarceration
rate has been increasing?
a.
prison construction
b.
Supreme Court decisions
c.
the War on Drugs
d.
increased arrests and more likely incarceration
41. Some observers argue that corrections should reserve prison for what type of offenders?
a.
violent
b.
property
c.
drug
d.
sex
42. Mandatory sentencing laws greatly limit the discretion of judges with regard to the
a.
type of sentence they can impose.
b.
offenders they can sentence to prison.
c.
number of offenders they can send to prison each month.
d.
length of sentences for certain offenders.
43. Which prison design is organized to permit inmates and visitors as much freedom as is consistent with the concept of
incarceration?
a.
minimum security
b.
medium security
c.
courtyard style
d.
campus style
44. Who is responsible for the operation of state prisons?
a.
the county commissioner
b.
the governor
c.
commissioners of corrections
d.
the president
45. Over half of the federal inmate population is convicted of what type of offense?
a.
drug offenses
b.
arson
c.
extortion
d.
bank robbery
46. What style of prison is Joe most likely incarcerated in?
a.
campus
b.
maximum
c.
telephone pole
d.
open
47. What security level is the prison Joe is in?
a.
medium
b.
supermax
c.
open
d.
closed
48. Joe is likely housed in what type of living unit?
a.
large living units with barred cells and strict supervision
b.
a co-ed living unit with both male and female inmates
c.
death row
d.
relatively small housing units
49. What prison system is Sara housed in?
a.
federal
b.
state
c.
Canadian
d.
local
50. What type of offenders is Sara most likely housed with?
a.
death row inmates
b.
highly violent offenders
c.
more sophisticated offenders
d.
male offenders
51. What custody level prison in Mike in?
a.
maximum
b.
minimum
c.
close
d.
campus
52. Which of the following statements is true?
a.
Mike is housed in an individual cell with his own sink and toilet.
b.
Mike is considered minimum custody.
c.
Mike is housed in a medical unit.
d.
Mike is housed in a unit with female offenders.
53. The purpose of the structure of prison Mike is in is what?
a.
custody and discipline
b.
transition back to the community
c.
rehabilitation and programming
d.
work release
54. What prison design is John housed in?
a.
telephone pole
b.
minimum
c.
closed
d.
open
55. This prison design is more focused on
a.
elderly offenders.
b.
custody.
c.
individual freedom.
d.
creating open communication between staff and inmates.
Completion
56. A model of corrections that emphasizes security, discipline, and order is referred to as the ___________ model.
57. The largest percentage of state prisons in the United States is found in the ___________.
58. Government leaders have enacted policies designed to incarcerate a ____________ number of offenders for longer
period of time.
59. The ________________ design is mainly used for maximum-security prisons in the United States.
60. The __________ strategy refers to a plan of doing nothing in regard to prison overcrowding, simply because it is
assumed the problem is temporary and will disappear in time.
61. Most prisons in America are found in __________ areas.
62. The _______________ design of prisons has long been used for both juvenile and women’s prisons.
63. A ___________ prison is designed and organized to minimize the possibility of escapes and violence, thereby
imposing strict limitations on the freedom of both inmates and visitors.
64. The typical “_________” prison of the 1940s and 1950s was a walled prison with large tiered cell blocks, a yard, a
shop, and industries.
65. A prison designed and organized to permit inmates and visitors as much freedom as is consistent with the concept of
incarceration is classified as a ____________–level prison.
66. In terms of construction quality, prisons are built to _____________, and many are still in use today.
67. Perhaps more so than in the past, today's prison designs are greatly influenced by the cost of ______________ and
maintenance.
68. During the 1960s-1970s many states built prisons and converted them into correctional _______________.
69. Most people consider _____________ the dominant purpose of a prison.
70. The type of correctional model used by most prisons today is mainly _________________.
71. The director of the Bureau of Prisons is appointed by the ________________.
72. Historically the Bureau of Prisons has enjoyed a good reputation and has been viewed as a(n) _______________ in
the field of corrections.
73. Approximately 68 percent of prison employees are _____________________
74. Approximately 40 percent of state prisoners have not completed _____________________.
75. Some people fear building a prison in their community will _____________ property values.
Essay
76. List and explain the three models of incarceration that have been prominent during the past five decades. Also, be sure
to identify in what time period each model was most strongly advocated. Which model is most frequently used today and
why?
77. List and explain the five major reasons why US prison populations have increased over the past twenty years.
78. What is meant by the architectural concept ”form follows function”? Describe four common prison architectural
designs found today in the United States. Be sure to discuss the importance and purpose of each design.
79. What is a private prison? Roughly how many US inmates are currently being housed in these facilities? Finally, list
and explain the benefits and problems associated with these types of prisons.
80. List and explain two similarities and two differences between state and federal prison systems. Also, explain two
similarities and two differences between the offenders housed in each system.
