True / False
1. “Stops” are defined as events that violate individuals’ reasonable expectations of privacy.
a. True
b. False
2. Police officers cannot stop and frisk suspects even if they have reasonable suspicion.
a. True
b. False
3. Probable cause must be established before an arrest warrant is issued.
a. True
b. False
4. The clause protecting against unreasonable search and seizure is found in the Fifth Amendment.
a. True
b. False
5. The majority of searches take place without a warrant.
a. True
b. False
6. If a person is growing marijuana in plain sight of a passing car, a police officer does not need a warrant to search and
seize the evidence.
a. True
b. False
7. The plain view doctrine was initially discussed in Coolidge v. New Hampshire (1971).
a. True
b. False
8. A consent search provides a valuable investigatory tool for officers.
a. True
b. False
9. Most stops must be supported by reasonable suspicion; an arrest or a search warrant must be supported by enough
information to constitute
probable cause.
a. True
b. False
10. Borders and airports always allow searches without warrants.
a. True
b. False
11. Consent searches are unconstitutional under the Fourth Amendment.
a. True
b. False
12. Police officers must be in marked police cars when making traffic stops.
a. True
b. False
13. Miranda warnings were established by the Supreme Court in Weeks v. U.S. (1914).
a. True
b. False
14. Miranda warnings must be issued in written form and signed or initialed by the suspect.
a. True
b. False
15. Prior to Miranda, police officers would torture suspects until a confession was delivered.
a. True
b. False
16. Even if a police officer is acting in the interests of public safety, he or she must obtain a warrant before searching an
area.
a. True
b. False
17. Police officers must provide Miranda warnings if they approach someone on the street and begin questioning them.
a. True
b. False
18. Miranda warnings must be read to a suspect prior to interrogation.
a. True
b. False
19. Police are allowed to use deception when interrogating a suspect.
a. True
b. False
20. All illegally obtained evidence will be excluded from trial based upon the exclusionary rule.
a. True
b. False
21. Mapp v. Ohio (1961) applied the exclusionary rule to the state court system.
a. True
b. False
22. If a police officer is acting in good faith, then he or she may use evidence obtained through the use of a defective
search warrant.
a. True
b. False
23. The good faith exception can only be used in federal cases due to U.S. v. Leon (1984).
a. True
b. False
24. A motion to suppress would be used to ask a judge to exclude evidence that has been illegally obtained.
a. True
b. False
25. In Nix v. Williams (1984), the U. S. Supreme Court established the inevitable discovery exception to the exclusionary
rule.
a. True
b. False
26. When officers observe people leaving a residence that the police are about to search, the officers may not
follow and detain those people a mile away from the residence, since they do not pose any risk of interfering
with the search.
a. True
b. False
27. An arrest, even on minor offenses, makes people subject to intrusive strip searches and body cavity
inspections when they are placed in jail.
a. True
b. False
28. There is no hard-and fast definition of probable cause that can be applied to every situation.
a. True
b. False
29. Warrantless searches often will take place at the entry points into the United States—border crossings, ports, and
airports.
a. True
b. False
30. Consent searches occur when there is an immediate threat to public safety or the risk that evidence will be destroyed,
officers may search, arrest, or question suspects without obtaining a warrant or following other usual rules of
criminal procedure.
a. True
b. False
Multiple Choice
31. Which of the constitutional amendments guarantees citizens protection against “unreasonable search and seizure”?
a. the Fourth Amendment
b. the Eighth Amendment
c. the Fourteenth Amendment
d. the Sixth Amendment
e. none of these
32. The term “reasonable expectation of privacy” is most relevant to which of the following police activities?
a. search
b. seizure
c. interrogation
d. arrest
e. stop
33. A situation in which a police officer uses his or her authority to deprive people of their liberty or property,
and that must not be “unreasonable” according to the Fourth Amendment.
a. seizure
b. stop
c. search
d. entrapment
e. none of these
34. A brief interference with a person’s freedom of movement with a duration that can be measured in minutes is called
a(n):
a. affidavit.
b. arrest.
c. interrogation.
d. search.
e. stop.
35. In order for a stop to be permissible, officers must have:
a. preponderance.
b. probable cause.
c. doubt.
d. reasonable suspicion.
e. a hunch.
36. What U.S. Supreme Court case ruled that deadly force may not be used against an unarmed and fleeing suspect unless
necessary to prevent their escape and unless the officer has probable cause to believe that the suspect poses a significant
threat of serious injury.
a. Tennessee v. Garner (1985)
b. Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
c. Roper v. Simmons (2005)
d. Mapp v. Ohio (1961)
e. Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
37. Excessive use of force violates what amendment?
a. Third
b. Fourth
c. Second
d. Fifth
e. First
38. A significant deprivation of liberty, involving taking a person into custody, transporting them to a police station or jail,
and processing them into the criminal justice system, is called a(n):
a. interrogation.
b. stop.
c. affidavit.
d. arrest.
e. search.
39. To obtain an arrest warrant, police must demonstrate:
a. reasonable expectation.
b. preponderance of the evidence.
c. reasonable suspicion.
d. the exclusionary rule.
e. probable cause.
40. Which of the following must police officers seeking a warrant present to a judge?
a. testament
b. affluence
c. affinity
d. arrest
e. affidavit
41. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled, in this case, that the totality of circumstance test should be used for determining the
existence of probable cause.
a. Illinois v. Gates
b. Hannity v. Patrick
c. Roper v. Simmons
d. Map v. Ohio
e. Mapp v. Ohio
42. In what circumstance is the totality of circumstances used?
a. to determine whether probable cause exists
b. to determine whether to Mirandize a suspect
c. to determine whether to indict a suspect
d. to determine whether police acted appropriately
e. to determine whether an offender is guilty
43. Which doctrine permits officers to notice and use as evidence items that are visible to them when they are in a location
that they are permitted to be?
a. plain view doctrine
b. stop and frisk doctrine
c. Miranda doctrine
d. exigent circumstances doctrine
e. public safety doctrine
44. The majority of searches take place without a:
a. warrant.
b. search.
c. arrest.
d. seizure.
e. bail.
45. Which of the following is NOT a way to legally conduct a search without a warrant?
a. supervisor enforced
b. stop-and-frisk
c. witness statement
d. special needs
e. automobile search
46. This case ruled that police can systematically stop drivers in order to seek information.
a. Michigan Department of State Police v. Sitz
b. Mapp v. Ohio
c. Illinois v. Lidster
d. Delaware v. Prouse
e. City of Indianapolis v. Edmond
47. This case ruled that random stops by officers on patrol are not constitutional.
a. Delaware v. Prouse
b. Illinois v. Lidster
c. Michigan Department of State Police v. Sitz
d. Mapp v. Ohio
e. City of Indianapolis v. Edmond
48. A “pat down” search is also known as a:
a. probable guilt search.
b. totality of circumstances search.
c. stop-and-frisk search.
d. Miranda search.
e. plain view search.
49. Terry v. Ohio endorsed stop-and-frisk searches to ensure this.
a. due process
b. officer safety
c. victim’s rights
d. witness safety
e. suspect rights
50. According to this rule, a suspect who, during a frisk, which is not justified by proper observation and reasonable
suspicion , is found to be carrying drugs or weapons can seek to have the evidence excluded.
a. totality of circumstances
b. probable cause
c. exigent circumstances
d. exclusionary rule
e. due process
51. According to the Supreme Court, exigent circumstances might exist when:
a. officers do not want to wait for a warrant.
b. officers are friendly with the suspects.
c. officers believe others might be in grave danger.
d. officers believe there is probable cause.
e. officers believe they might find important evidence.
52. In this court case, the Supreme Court endorsed warrantless searches for weapons and evidence in the immediate
vicinity of people who are lawfully arrested.
a. Roper v. Simmons
b. Mapp v. Ohio
c. Terry v. Ohio
d. Chimel v. California
e. Chimel v. Ohio
53. When there is an immediate threat to public safety or the risk that evidence will be destroyed , officers may search,
arrest, or question suspects without obtaining a warrant.
a. exclusionary rule
b. due process
c. probable cause
d. totality of circumstances
e. exigent circumstances
54. This type of search allows officers to conduct a permissible warrantless search of a person, vehicle, home, or location
after receiving permission from the person in question.
a. Terry
b. no knock
c. permissible
d. nonconsent
e. consent
55. Which of the following statements about search warrants is FALSE?
a. Police officers must identify the “things” to be searched.
b. Police officers are allowed to conduct warrantless searches under certain circumstances.
c. Police officers must provide reliable information when obtaining a search warrant.
d. Police officers need a search warrant even if a person waives his or her Fourth Amendment rights.
e. Police officers cannot admit evidence into court if they gather evidence using an illegal search warrant.
56. In the case of U.S. v. Drayton (2002), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that police officers:
a. must notify citizens they have the right to say “no” to a search.
b. must notify a citizen of his or her right against self-incrimination.
c. are not obligated to notify citizens they have a right to say “no” to a search.
d. must notify a citizen of his or her right to an attorney.
e. are not obligated to read citizens their rights prior to arrest.
57. During a traffic stop, officers can order passengers as well as the driver to exit the vehicle, even if there is no basis for
suspicion that the passengers engaged in any wrongdoing according to this case?
a. Maryland v. Wilson (1997)
b. Georgia v. Randolph (2006)
c. Illinois v. Rodriguez (1990)
d. Carroll v. U.S. (1925)
e. California v. Acevedo (1991)
58. In which of the following cases did the U.S. Supreme Court establish that criminal defendants must be read their
rights?
a. Terry v. Ohio (1968)
b. Chimel v. California (1969)
c. Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
d. Mapp v. Ohio (1961)
e. Maryland v. Wilson (1997)
59. Which of the following is NOT a required component of the Miranda warnings?
a. notification that any statement suspects make can be used against them in court
b. notification that the state will pay for an attorney if suspects cannot afford one
c. notification that suspects have the right to an attorney during interrogation
d. notification that suspects have the right to a speedy trial
e. notification that suspects have the right to remain silent
60. Which two decisions by the Court laid the foundation for Miranda v. Arizona (1966)?
a. Mapp v. Ohio (1961) and Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
b. Wolf v. Colorado (1949) and Mapp v. Ohio (1961)
c. Maryland v. Wilson (1957) and Mapp v. Ohio (1961)
d. Wolf v. Colorado (1949) and Rochin v. California (1952)
e. Escobedo v. Illinois (1964) and Massiah v. U. S. (1964)
61. Permissible warrantless search of a vehicle that has been impounded so that police can make a record of the items
contained in the vehicle is known as a(n):
a. plain view search.
b. probable cause search.
c. inventory search.
d. search incident to arrest.
e. seizure.
62. Permits police to immediately question a suspect in custody without providing any warnings, when public safety
would be jeopardized by their taking the time to supply the warnings is known as the individuals’ rights. It is an instance
of the:
a. Miranda exception.
b. exigent circumstances exception.
c. public safety exception.
d. plain view exception.
e. stop and frisk exception.
63. When must Miranda warnings be given to suspects?
a. before fingerprinting
b. before arrest
c. before being interrogated
d. immediately after arrest
e. before being read the charges against them
64. In which of the following situations must Miranda warnings be given?
a. traffic stops
b. seizure of property
c. stop-and-frisk
d. custodial interrogations
e. police must provide Miranda warnings in all of these situations
65. In which of the following cases was the exclusionary rule originated?
a. Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
b. Weeks v. U.S. (1914)
c. Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
d. Minnesota v. Dickerson (1993)
e. Mapp v. Ohio (1961)
66. Evidence that would have been discovered even without improper actions by the police can be admissible
under the:
a. silver-platter rule.
b. inevitable discovery rule.
c. exclusionary rule.
d. plain view doctrine.
e. good faith exception.
67. Which court case determined that when officers act in good faith on a warrant, the evidence will not be excluded even
if the warrant was issued improperly?
a. Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
b. United States v. Leon (1984)
c. Roper v. Simmons (2005)
d. Nix v. Williams (1984)
e. Mapp v. Ohio (1961)
68. Which court case created the inevitable discovery exception to the exclusionary rule?
a. Weeks v. U.S. (1914)
b. Nix v. Williams (1984)
c. Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
d. Mapp v. Ohio (1961)
e. Roper v. Simmons (2005)
69. Which court case determined that evidence found through improper searches and seizures must be excluded from use
at both state and federal trials?
a. Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
b. Weeks v. U.S. (1914)
c. Roper v. Simmons (2005)
d. Nix v. Williams (1984)
e. Mapp v. Ohio (1961)
70. Which of the following situations best describes the good faith exception to the exclusionary rule?
a. An officer believes the suspect is truly guilty, and seizes evidence without a warrant.
b. An officer knowingly seizes evidence improperly, but asks forgiveness of the court later.
c. An officer believes he is acting correctly under the rules of evidence, but is actually incorrect.
d. An officer forgets to Mirandize a suspect.
e. An officer lies to a citizen about having a search warrant, and seizes evidence based on that.
71. Because the fourth amendment protects people from unreasonable searches and seizures by all law enforcement
officials, evidence found through improper searches or seizures must be:
a. inventoried.
b. incorporated.
c. included.
d. excluded.
e. cataloged.
72. In which case did the Supreme Court decide that drug-sniffing dogs cannot be brought to the front door of a home to
seek evidence that will be used to get a search warrant.