64. What amino acid has been linked to the development of the rare blood disorder eosinophilia-myalgia
syndrome in people who took it as a supplement?
a.
Glycine
b.
Arginine
c.
Tryptophan
d.
Phenylalanine
e.
Proline
65. What amino acid supplement has been advertised in the popular media for treating herpes infections?
a.
Lysine
b.
Arginine
c.
Tryptophan
d.
Phenylalanine
e.
Methionine
66. The disease phenylketonuria is related chiefly to abnormal metabolism of ____.
a.
lactose
b.
omega-3 fats
c.
soy polysaccharides
d.
a specific amino acid
e.
glucose
67. The study of how food interacts with genes is known as ____.
a.
nutritional genomics
b.
chromosomal nutrition
c.
nucleotide expression
d.
mutagenic expression
e.
personalized nutrition
68. Dietary restriction of phenylalanine combined with adequate tyrosine is the usual treatment for people
born with the disorder ____.
a.
DNA
b.
ALC
c.
NLM
d.
PKU
e.
BHA
69. A variation in a single nucleotide of a DNA strand is called a(n) ____.
a.
RNA switch
b.
thymine substitution
c.
environmental mutation
d.
single nucleotide polymorphism
e.
replication failure
70. The area of study that examines how environmental factors influence gene expression without
changing the DNA is known as ____.
a.
genetics
b.
genomics
c.
nutritional genomics
d.
epigenetics
e.
nutrigenetics
COMPLETION
1. ____________________ are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms, arranged
into amino acids linked in a chain.
2. The simplest amino acid, ____________________, has a hydrogen atom as its side group.
3. The ____________________ is determined by weak electrical attractions within the polypeptide
chain.
4. ____________________ enzymes on the membrane surfaces of the intestinal cells split most of the
dipeptides and tripeptides into single amino acids.
5. ____________________ is the process of messenger RNA being made from a template of DNA.
6. ____________________ is the process of messenger RNA directing the sequence of amino acids and
synthesis of proteins.
7. Breaking down reactions are called ____________________ and building up reactions are called
____________________.
8. The supply of amino acids derived from either food proteins or body proteins that collect in the cells
and circulating blood and stand ready to be incorporated in proteins and other compounds or used for
energy is called the ____________________.
9. ____________________ provide enough of all the essential amino acids needed to support the body’s
work.
10. The term ____________________ is used to describe the condition that develops when the diet
delivers too little protein, too little energy, or both.
MATCHING
a.
Soy
k.
Denatured
b.
Urea
l.
Ribosome
c.
Pepsin
m.
Enzyme
d.
Lysine
n.
Kwashiorkor
e.
Gelatin
o.
Pregnancy
f.
Alanine
p.
Edema
g.
Insulin
q.
Hemoglobin
h.
Infection
r.
Hydrophobic
i.
Tyrosine
s.
Homocysteine
j.
Collagen
t.
Buffer
1. A dietary nonessential amino acid
2. A conditionally essential amino acid
3. A small protein
4. A large protein that carries oxygen
5. Substances repelled by water
6. Describes protein exposed to severe heat
7. An active protease
8. A cell structure where protein synthesis takes place
9. A connective tissue protein
10. A protein catalyst
11. Excessive fluid residing between cells
12. Substance that keeps the pH constant
13. A condition that favors positive nitrogen balance
14. A condition that favors negative nitrogen balance
15. A product of amino acid breakdown
16. A dietary protein lacking tryptophan
17. A good quality protein source
18. A typical limiting amino acid
19. A condition of protein malnutrition
20. An amino acid associated with heart disease
ESSAY
1. Explain the differences among amino acids that are classified as essential, nonessential, or
conditionally essential.
2. Define protein denaturation and provide an example of a denatured protein.
3. Explain the processes of protein digestion and absorption.
4. What are the differences between transcription and translation in the synthesis of proteins?
5. List and define 5 major roles of proteins in the body.
6. What are the signs and symptoms of sickle-cell anemia and what causes it?
7. What is meant by nitrogen balance? How does it differ among infants, adults, and those who are
injured or on weight-loss diets?
8. Compare and contrast the quality of protein foods derived from animals versus plants.
9. What is a limiting amino acid? What are the four amino acids most likely to be limiting in protein
nutrition?
10. Explain the proposed relationships between body homocysteine levels and heart disease.
ANS:
11. What are the hazards of consuming amino acid supplements?
12. What are the assumptions made by the DRI Committee in setting the RDA for protein?
13. Provide several examples of beneficial and adverse consequences of activating or silencing gene
expression.
14. Provide examples of how the dietary habits of grandparents can influence the body’s metabolism and
susceptibility to disease in future generations.
15. Describe the signs and symptoms of phenylketonuria. What is the cause and what is the treatment?
