1. W.I. Thomas, Ernest Burgess, and Louis Wirth were part of a school of criminology known as the
.
2. Adolphe Quetelet was a Belgian mathematician who started the school of criminology.
3. Considered one of the founders of sociology, , defined crime as a normal and necessary
social event.
4. are segments of the population whose members have a relatively similar portion of material goods
and who share attitudes, values, norms, and an identifiable lifestyle.
5. have a higher rate of poverty than any other group.
6. America is considered a society, since it is based on specific levels such as social class,
wealth, and economic success.
7. The lowest social stratum in any society are referred to as the ; these individuals
usually lack the educational or necessary skills to function successfully in society.
8. Gunnar Myrdal described a worldwide that was cut off from society, its members lacking the
education and skills needed to be effectively in demand in modern society.
9. Apathy, cynicism, helplessness, and mistrust of social institutions, such as schools, government agencies, and the
police mark the .
10. theory holds that crime is a function of the conflict between the goals people have and the
means they have to achieve such goals.
11. theory focuses on the structure and organization within the urban environment that affect crime rates.
12. Concentric Zone Theory, used by Shaw and McKay, broke the city of into distinctive
zones to explain criminal behavior.
13. Shaw and McKay’s concentric zone analysis indicated that is the central business district of a city.
14. Shaw and McKay found that the most poverty-ridden neighborhoods suffered high rates of
population turnover and were incapable of inducing residents to remain and defend the neighborhoods against
criminal groups.
15. are referred to as rude or uncivil behaviors that depict little care for property or
others.
16. is referred to as the removal and replacement of obsolete housing; an increase in criminal
activity is often seen after the process.
17. The condition of exists when wealthy people and poverty–stricken people live in
close proximity to one another.
18. Merton found that culturally defined goals and socially approved means interact to produce
conditions.
19. According to Merton, is the mode of adaptation most closely related to criminal behavior.
20. According to Robert Agnew, theory states that individuals who feel stress and strain are more likely
to commit crimes.
21. The anger, frustration, and adverse emotions that emerge in the wake of negative and destructive social
relationships are known as .
22. The rules governing day–to–day living conditions within a culture, group, or political structure are termed “conduct
.”
23. are the unique value system that dominates life among the lower classes.
24. occurs when the rules expressed in the criminal law clash with the demands of group conduct norms.
25. According to Cohen’s middle–class measuring rod, most youths gain status at .
26. The Division of Labor in Society was authored by:
a. Emile Durkheim b. John Cika
c. Lawrence Driscoll d. Albert Cohen
27. People in the United States live in what type of society?
a. subcultural b. stagnant
c. incorporated d. stratified
28. Which of the following groups has the lowest level of income?
a. White b. Hispanic
c. Asian d. African American
29. Individuals who have been cut off from society and whose members lack the education and skills needed to be
effectively in demand in modern society are considered members of the:
a. bottom strata b. underclass
c. social class d. lower sector
30. In 1966, Oscar Lewis argued that the crushing lifestyle of lower-class areas produce , which is/are passed
from one generation to the next.
a. culture conflict b. a culture of poverty
c. differential opportunity d. behavior conflict
31. Poverty during early childhood may have a more severe impact on behavior than poverty during adolescence or
adulthood. What percent of American children live in poverty?
a. 5 b. 15
c. 36 d. 45
32. Members of the underclass who are socially isolated, live in urban inner cities, occupy the bottom rung of the
social ladder, and are the victims of discrimination are known as:
a. the truly poor. b. the truly disadvantaged.
c. the truly at–risk. d. the truly differentiated.
33. What are the three branches of social structure theory?
a. social learning theory, social disorganization theory,
and cultural deviance theory
c. cultural deviance theory, anomie theory, deprivation
theory
b. cultural deviance theory, deprivation theory,
strain theory
d. social disorganization theory, strain theory,
cultural deviance theory
34. A socially disorganized area is one in which the have broken down and can no longer carry out their
expected or stated functions.
a. institutions of social control b. institutions of social service
c. institutions of local government d. institutions of education and religion
35. The theory that holds that crime is a function of one’s inability to achieve personal goals (such as earning money,
owning a home, having a nice car) because society is stratified by socioeconomic class is called:
a. cultural conflict theory. b. deviance theory.
c. social disorganization theory. d. strain theory.
36. Social disorganization theory focuses on which of the following conditions in the urban environment?
a. age and ethnic differences b. inadequate social control and deteriorated housing
c. frustration and stress levels d. unequal distribution of wealth and power
37. Poverty-ridden neighborhoods that suffer high rates of population turnover and are incapable of inducing residents
to remain are known as:
a. concentric neighborhoods. b. gated neighborhoods.
c. transitional neighborhoods. d. at-risk neighborhoods.
38. Social Disorganization Theory was first popularized by the work of:
a. Robert Park and Ethan Hawkins b. Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay
c. Robert Shaw and Franklin Noble d. Clifford Akers and Robert Shaw
39. According to Shaw and McKay’s statistical analysis, in which concentric zones were the highest rates of crime
found?
a. zones I & II b. zones II & III
c. zones III & IV d. zones IV & V
40. Neighborhood residents who are respected members of the community in Elijah Andersons‘ study were called:
a. street preachers. b. Winfrees.
c. right men. d. old heads.
41. Social ecologists know that people who report living in neighborhoods with high levels of crime and civil disorder
become suspicious and mistrusting. Some residents become so suspicious that they develop a/an in which
the outside world is considered the enemy out to destroy their neighborhood.
a. anomie mindset b. culture conflict
c. focal attitude d. siege mentality
42. A renewal stage in which obsolete housing is replaced and upgraded is known as:
a.
gentrification
b. turnover
c. transition d. organizational
43. Cohesion among neighborhood residents (community cohesion) combined with shared expectations for informal
social control of public space promotes:
a. siege mentality. b. gentrification.
c. collective efficacy. d. incivility.
44. Institutional social control includes while public social control includes .
a. schools, police b. families, schools
c. schools, peers d. police, churches
45. In neighborhoods with high levels of collective efficacy, children are less likely to become involved with deviant
peers and to engage in deviant behavior. Rather, kids use their wits to avoid violent confrontations and to feel
safe. This concept is referred to as:
a. efficacy effect. b. collective effect.
c. street efficacy. d. culture savvy.
46. According to Durkheim, occurs in a society in which rules of behavior have broken down or become
inoperative during periods of rapid social change or social crisis, such as war or famine.
a. anomie b. stratification
c. gentrification d. transition
47. is a characteristic of preindustrial society, held together by traditions, shared values, and
unquestioned beliefs.
a. Organic solidarity b. Anomic solidarity
c. Mechanic solidarity d. Systematic solidarity
48. When individuals use culturally approved means to attain social goals, this is known as:
a. conformity b. innovation
c. ritualism d. rebellion
49. When an individual accepts the goals of society, but rejects the legitimate means and instead achieves the goals
through crime, it is called:
a.
conformity.
b. innovation.
c. ritualism. d. rebellion.
50. Those who reject the goals but retain the traditional means to retain the little they have been able to achieve
represent which type of adaptation?
a. conformists b. innovators
c. ritualists d. rebels
51. Institutional anomie argues that the high rate of crime in the United States is due to its overemphasis on which
institution?
a. education b. economics
c. peers d. racial disparity
52. Merton’s anomie theory of criminal behavior stresses:
a. the importance of socialization and middle–class measuring rods.
b. the idea that American society emphasizes common success goals without providing equal access to the
means for obtaining them.
c. the idea that criminal personality is not inherited, but tendencies toward criminal behavior are.
d. the importance of the individual’s early family environment in determining attitudes toward crime.
53. Agnew’s General Strain Theory indicates that criminality is the direct result of that come in the wake of
destructive social relationships.
a. inadequate social controls b. reaction formations
c. negative affective states d. blocked social means
54. The condition that exists when people of wealth and poverty live in close proximity to one another is known as:
a. general strain. b. anomie reaction.
c. negative stimuli reaction. d. relative deprivation.
55. According to Merton, a person who rejects society’s goals and norms and becomes a drifter and drug addict falls
into which mode of adaptation?
a. retreatists b. innovation
c. rebellion d. conformity