Exam
Name___________________________________
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1)
Osteomyelitis is ________.
1)
A)
due to pus–forming bacteria
B)
partially due to insufficient dietary calcium
C)
literally known as “soft bones”
D)
caused by altered vitamin D metabolism
2)
The resilience of bone is primarily due to which of the following?
2)
A)
amount of mineral salts in the bone
B)
amount of mineral salt and protein in the bone
C)
presence of osteoblasts in the bone
D)
sacrificial bonds in or between collagen molecules
3)
For intramembranous ossification to take place, which of the following is necessary?
3)
A)
The cartilage matrix begins to deteriorate.
B)
An ossification center forms in the fibrous connective tissue.
C)
A medullary cavity forms.
D)
A bone collar forms around the cartilage model.
4)
Cranial bones develop ________.
4)
A)
within fibrous membranes
B)
from cartilage models
C)
from a tendon
D)
within osseous membranes
5)
In the epiphyseal plate, cartilage grows ________.
5)
A)
by pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis
B)
in a circular fashion
C)
by pulling the diaphysis toward the epiphysis
D)
from the edges inward
6)
Which of the following is the single most important stimulus for epiphyseal plate activity during
infancy and childhood?
6)
A)
thyroid hormone
B)
calcium
C)
growth hormone
D)
parathyroid hormone
C
7)
Which hormone increases osteoclast activity to release more calcium ions into the bloodstream?
7)
A)
estrogen
B)
thyroxine
C)
parathyroid hormone
D)
calcitonin
C
8)
Bones are covered and lined by a protective tissue called periosteum. The inner (osteogenic) layer
consists primarily of ________.
8)
A)
cartilage and compact bone
B)
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
C)
marrow and osteons
D)
chondrocytes and osteocytes
B
9)
Lengthwise, long bone growth during infancy and youth is exclusively through ________.
9)
A)
differentiation of osteoclasts into osteocytes
B)
the secretion of bone matrix into the medullary cavity
C)
calcification of the matrix of the zone underlying articular cartilage
D)
interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plates
D
A
Explanation:
10)
The process of bones increasing in width is known as ________.
10)
A)
concentric growth
B)
epiphyseal plate closure
C)
closing of the epiphyseal plate
D)
appositional growth
11)
What tissue forms the model for endochondrial ossification?
11)
A)
cartilage
B)
fascia
C)
membranes
D)
bone
12)
Growth of bones is controlled by a symphony of hormones. Which hormone is of greatest
importance for bone growth during infancy and childhood?
12)
A)
prolactin
B)
thyroid hormone
C)
somatomedins
D)
growth hormone
13)
What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo?
13)
A)
elastic connective tissue
B)
fibrocartilage
C)
dense fibrous connective tissue
D)
hyaline cartilage
14)
What is absolutely required for bone growth or healing from a fracture?
14)
A)
osteocytes
B)
dietary intake of calcium and vitamin D
C)
osteoblasts
D)
osteoclasts
15)
The structure of bone tissue suits the function. Which of the following bone tissues is adapted to
support weight and withstand tension stress?
15)
A)
irregular bone
B)
compact bone
C)
spongy bone
D)
trabecular bone
16)
Ossification of the ends of long bones ________.
16)
A)
takes twice as long as diaphysis ossification
B)
is produced by secondary ossification centers
C)
is a characteristic of intramembranous bone formation
D)
involves medullary cavity formation
17)
Which of the following statements best describes interstitial growth?
17)
A)
Chondrocytes in the lacunae divide and secrete matrix, allowing the cartilage to grow from
within.
B)
Unspecialized cells from mesenchyme develop into chondrocytes, which divide and form
cartilage.
C)
Fibroblasts give rise to chondrocytes that differentiate and form cartilage.
D)
Growth occurs in the lining of the long bones.
18)
What can a deficiency of growth hormone during bone formation cause?
18)
A)
decreased proliferation of the epiphyseal plate cartilage
B)
inadequate calcification of bone
C)
decreased osteoclast activity
D)
increased osteoclast activity
19)
What is the structural unit of compact bone?
19)
A)
the osteon
B)
lamellar bone
C)
spongy bone
D)
osseous matrix
20)
The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by dense connective tissue called ________.
20)
A)
perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers
B)
the struts of bone known as spicules
C)
a bony matrix with hyaline cartilage
D)
Volkmann’s canals
21)
Cartilage grows in two ways, appositional and interstitial. What is appositional growth?
21)
A)
along the edges only of existing osteons, making each osteon larger
B)
growth at the epiphyseal plate
C)
the secretion of new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage
D)
the lengthening of hyaline cartilage
C
22)
The term diploë refers to the ________.
22)
A)
two types of marrow found within most bones
B)
fact that most bones are formed of two types of bone tissue
C)
internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones
D)
double–layered nature of the connective tissue covering the bone
C
23)
Which of the following glands or organs produces hormones that tend to decrease blood calcium
levels?
23)
A)
parathyroid
B)
thyroid
C)
spleen
D)
pineal gland
B
24)
In some cases the epiphyseal plate of the long bones of children closes too early. What might be the
cause?
24)
A)
osteoblast activity exceeds osteoclast activity
B)
overproduction of thyroid hormone
C)
elevated levels of sex hormones
D)
too much vitamin D in the diet
C
A
25)
The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the ________.
25)
A)
osteoclast
B)
osteocyte
C)
osteoblast
D)
chondrocyte
26)
Which of the following is a bone marking name that indicates an armlike bar of bone?
26)
A)
ramus
B)
foramen
C)
fossa
E) epicondyle
D)
meatus
A
27)
What causes osteoporosis?
27)
A)
Osteoclasts out–pace osteoblasts due to low hormone production of the ovaries.
B)
heritage such as African or Mediterranean
C)
poor posture
D)
abnormal PTH receptors
A
28)
Normal bone formation and growth are dependent on the adequate intake of ________.
28)
A)
potassium, phosphate, and vitamin D
B)
vitamin D, phosphate, and chloride
C)
calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D
D)
sodium, calcium, and vitamin E
C
29)
Wolff’s law is concerned with ________.
29)
A)
the thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it
B)
the function of bone being dependent on shape
C)
vertical growth of bones being dependent on age
D)
the diameter of the bone being dependent on the ratio of osteoblasts to osteoclasts
A
C
30)
Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of ________.
30)
A)
elastic tissue
B)
fat
C)
Sharpey’s fibers
D)
blood–forming cells
31)
Bones are constantly undergoing resorption for various reasons. Which of the following cells
accomplishes this process?
31)
A)
osteoblast
B)
osteoclast
C)
osteocyte
D)
stem cell
32)
Which structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length until early childhood?
32)
A)
epiphyseal plate
B)
epiphyseal line
C)
lacunae
D)
Haversian system
33)
Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system?
33)
A)
storage of minerals
B)
support
C)
communication
D)
production of blood cells (hematopoiesis)
34)
The structural unit of spongy is called ________.
34)
A)
trabeculae
B)
osseous lamellae
C)
osteons
D)
lamellar bone
Explanation:
35)
A fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the ________.
35)
A)
diaphysis
B)
epiphysis
C)
articular cartilage
D)
metaphysis
36)
Osteogenesis is the process of ________.
36)
A)
making a cartilage model of the fetal bone
B)
making collagen fibers for calcified cartilage
C)
bone formation
D)
bone destruction to liberate calcium
37)
The canal that runs through the core of each osteon (the Haversian canal) is the site of ________.
37)
A)
blood vessels and nerve fibers
B)
cartilage and interstitial lamellae
C)
adipose tissue and nerve fibers
D)
yellow marrow and spicules
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
Figure 6.1
Using Figure 6.1, match the following bone types with the numbered structure:
38)
Bone 5.
38)
39)
What is a disease of the bone in which bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposit, leaving
the person with thin and often very fragile bones?
39)
40)
How is the beginning of intramembranous ossification different from endochondral
ossification?
40)
Long
41)
Blood cell formation is called ________.
41)
42)
Why are the bones of young children much more flexible than those of the elderly?
42)
Figure 6.1
Using Figure 6.1, match the following bone types with the numbered structure:
43)
Bone 1.
43)
44)
Bones appear to be lifeless structures. Does bone material renew itself?
44)
Explanation:
45)
A bone embedded in a tendon is called a(n) ________ bone.
45)
Figure 6.1
Using Figure 6.1, match the following bone types with the numbered structure:
46)
Bone 2.
46)
Long
47)
Inflammation of bony tissue is called ________.
47)
48)
What is found in a Haversian canal?
48)
Figure 6.2
Using Figure 6.2, match the following:
49)
Location of the epiphyseal line.
49)
50)
A round or oval hole through a bone that contains blood vessels and/or nerves is called
a(n) ________.
50)
51)
What are the differences between the diaphysis and the epiphyses of long bones?
51)
52)
A long bone forms by a process known as ________ ossification.
52)
Figure 6.2
Using Figure 6.2, match the following:
53)
Epiphysis of the bone.
53)
Figure 6.1
Using Figure 6.1, match the following bone types with the numbered structure:
54)
Bone 7.
54)
55)
Bone 3.
55)
56)
What are multinucleated cells that destroy bone called?.
56)
57)
A central (Haversian) canal may contain arteries, veins, capillaries, lymph vessels, and
________ fibers.
57)