46. A subordinate animal in a dominance hierarchy has limited access to food and mates. Why would he
remain in a social group that dominated him?
a.
He is exhibiting altruistic behavior.
b.
His chances of survival and reproduction are better in the group than alone.
c.
He expects to become dominant in the future.
d.
He does not know that it would be an advantage for him to leave.
e.
Dominant group members will not allow him to leave.
47. Kin selection is a form of natural selection in which ____.
a.
dominant individuals share resources disproportionately with their close relatives
b.
individuals help relatives only if they are likely to return the favor in the future
c.
group members sacrifice their own reproductive success to help individuals who are not
their direct descendants
d.
shared alleles for altruism are perpetuated if the assisted animals produce more offspring
than the helper could have produced if he had not helped
e.
shared alleles for altruism are perpetuated if the helper produces more offspring than the
relatives that he aids
48. The degree of relatedness between a niece and an uncle is _____, and the degree of relatedness
between first cousins is ______.
a.
0.75; 0.50
b.
0.50; 0.25
c.
0.25; 0.125
d.
0.125; 0.0625
e.
0.0625; 0.03125
49. Altruism can be distinguished from reciprocal altruism because altruism is defined as ____ but
reciprocal altruism involves ____.
a.
the sacrifice of an individual’s reproductive success to help others; the expectation of a
future favor in return for present aid
b.
aid given to nonrelatives; benefits given to close relatives only
c.
the expectation of a future favor in return for present aid; close relatives helping each other
d.
low-risk behavior that provides minor benefits to others; high-risk behavior providing
major benefits to others
e.
aid given to relatives; benefits given to nonrelatives only
Use the figure above for the following questions, where A is the drone and B is the queen.
50. What percent of its total genome does bee A donate to its offspring?
a.
50 percent
b.
75 percent
c.
0 percent
d.
100 percent
e.
25 percent
51. Bees C and D differ from bees E and F because ____.
a.
bees C and D had a different father than bees E and F
b.
bees C and D had a different mother than bees E and F
c.
bees C and D inherited different alleles than bees E and F from their mother
d.
bees C and D inherited different alleles than bees E and F from their father
e.
bees C and D are haploid drones while bees E and F are diploid female workers
52. Ultraviolet signals in swordtail fishes and electrical signals in weakly electrical fishes are examples of
____ communication.
a.
network
b.
private channel
c.
sensory drive
d.
overheard
e.
sensory overdrive
53. Evolutionary biologists believe that females prefer attractive mates mainly because ____.
a.
attractive mates confer status in hierarchical societies
b.
attractiveness is a predictor of good performance and survivorship
c.
ornaments such as bright plumage stimulate her visual system
d.
superior ornaments deter rival males
e.
a sense of aesthetics is shared by both higher animals and humans
54. Which of the following choices is the ultimate cause of the ability of male zebra finches to
discriminate between the songs of established neighbors and those of strangers?
a.
Cells in a nucleus in the forebrain fire more often when the song of a new male is heard.
b.
Neurons cease to respond to the sound of an established neighbor.
c.
Zebra finches are genetically programmed to tolerate territory-holding neighbors but repel
invaders.
d.
Zebra finches are capable of selective learning.
e.
This adaptation allows males to produce more offspring by saving their energy for real
battles.
55. Which of the following choices is a proximate cause of the non-combative behavior of male African
cichlids that do not hold territories?
a.
Cichlids can detect and store information about aggressive encounters.
b.
The GnRH-producing neurons in the hypothalamus are small.
c.
The testes produce no testosterone.
d.
GnRH production is high.
e.
Noncombative behavior allows the male to build his strength for a takeover attempt on a
territory.
56. Young male white-crowned sparrows ____ appropriate song, which is related to _______.
a.
are born with; estrogen
b.
are born with; testosterone
c.
learn; neuron clusters in the testes
d.
learn; neuron clusters in the brain
e.
learn; estrogen
Select the Exception
57. Four of the five stimuli listed below are sign stimuli. Select the exception.
a.
a smiling human face
b.
the red spot on the beak of a herring gull
c.
the open mouth of a peeping baby bird
d.
a red-colored stimulus that triggers a territorial red-bellied stickleback fish to attack it
e.
a mother rat picking up young rats and returning them to the nest
58. Most of the following choices are examples of piloting. Select the exception.
a.
Gray whales use visual cues to migrate from Alaska to Baja California.
b.
Pacific salmon use olfactory cues to find the stream where they hatched.
c.
Female digger wasps use landmarks to find their nests.
d.
Indigo buntings use the position of stars to orient during migration.
e.
A hiker looks for familiar rock formations as she finds her way back to the trailhead.
59. Four of the five animals listed below are migratory. Select the exception.
a.
monarch butterflies
b.
indigo buntings
c.
white-crowned sparrows
d.
gray whales
e.
wood lice
60. Social groups face increased competition, parasitism, and disease. Natural selection has failed to
eliminate the tendency of animals to form social groups for many reasons. Select the exception.
a.
Prey gain safety in numbers.
b.
Predators have better hunting success in groups.
c.
Prey in large groups satiates predators so all are not eaten.
d.
Offspring are protected and taught by both parents and other group members.
e.
Offspring are better protected from disease.
61. Most of the following forms of communication are likely to be intercepted by an attentive third party.
Select the exception.
a.
visual
b.
auditory
c.
chemical
d.
electrical
e.
tactile
1119
MATCHING
Match each of the following terms with its correct definition.
a.
An association between two phenomena that are usually unrelated
b.
Linking a voluntary activity with favorable consequences
c.
Stereotyped behaviors triggered by a specific cue
d.
A behavior dependent on having a particular kind of experience
e.
The study of how animals behave in natural environments
f.
A process in which experiences change behavioral responses
g.
Simple cues that trigger specific behaviors
h.
A genetically programmed response
i.
A learned loss of responsiveness
62. ethology
63. fixed action patterns
64. sign stimuli
65. classical conditioning
66. operant conditioning
67. habituation
68. learned behavior
69. instinctive behavior
70. learning
Match each of the following terms with its correct definition.
a.
A site that provides food, shelter, nesting materials, and interacting organisms
b.
An unusual pattern of sex determination
c.
resource-rich site defended by its occupants
d.
Natural selection for mating success
e.
The use of familiar landmarks to guide a journey
f.
Travel from the birth site to another destination and back
g.
Grounds where males display for females
1120
h.
Volatile chemicals that influence the behavior of embers of the same species
i.
Ordered movement
j.
Ritualized behaviors engaged in to attract the attention of the opposite sex
k.
Social systems in which individuals are ranked
71. sexual selection
72. courtship displays
73. haplodiploidy
74. migration
75. piloting
76. territory
77. habitat
78. taxis
79. pheromones
80. leks
81. dominance hierarchies
Classification
The following passages contain novel information describing real animal and human behaviors. Use
choices a-e to classify the type of learning each passage exemplifies.
a.
imprinting
b.
classical conditioning
c.
operant conditioning
d.
insight learning
e.
habituation
1121
82. Without training, an octopus lifts the lid off his aquarium tank, climbs out, and enters a nearby tank.
He eats a fish there and climbs out, replacing the tank lid. He then returns to his own tank, closing his
own aquarium lid after him.
83. Wild ravens note the passage of a garbage collection truck and fly off to raid trash cans before the
truck arrives to empty them.
84. A group of ducklings were experimentally isolated in a room containing only a large cardboard box
that researchers rigged to be movable by remote control. The ducklings soon became attached to the
box, following it around the enclosure.
85. Jane Goodall accustomed wild chimps to her presence so that her company ceased to alter their
behavior.
86. A teacher only gives candy to the children in her class who finish their assignment on time. The other
children receive no reward. The next day, a larger proportion of the class finishes their work on time.
Choice
For each of the following physiological responses, choose the hormone that causes the response from
the list below.
a.
GnRH
b.
estrogen
c.
juvenile hormone
87. stimulates the production of additional neurons in the higher vocal center
88. stimulates genes in brain cells to produce certain proteins that affect nervous system function
89. induces the testes to produce testosterone
90. production of this hormone is altered by outcomes of conflicts
SHORT ANSWER
91. What symptoms are shared by knockout mice with nonfunctional Dvl genes and humans with certain
psychiatric disorders?
92. Under what circumstances does the gene called zenk become active in zebra finches, and what is its
effect?
93. Why do peahens choose peacocks with the longest, showiest tails, when a long tail might be easily
grabbed by a predator?
94. What is haplodiploidy, and how is it related to altruism in honeybees?
95. Briefly explain some of the advantages and disadvantages of living in social groups.
MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE
If the statement is true, answer “T”. If the statement is false, answer “F” and make it correct by
changing the underlined word(s) and writing the correct word(s) in the answer blank(s).
96. Food preference in garter snakes is learned behavior.
97. The red spot on the beak of a herring gull is a sign stimulus.
98. The zenk gene in the finch brain is activated by tactile stimuli.
99. When a bird is exposed to the songs of potential rivals of its own species certain genes are turned off
within neurons in the song-controlling nuclei of the bird’s brain.
100. Neurons in the higher vocal center of a male finch’s brain are stimulated to proliferate by testosterone.
101. Younger honeybees have higher levels of juvenile hormone.
102. GnRH-producing cells in the brains of male cichlids are larger in territorial individuals.
103. Individual monarch butterflies migrate from Canada to Mexico each year.
104. A change in the rate or frequency of movements in response to environmental stimuli is called taxis.
105. Male lizards experimentally dosed with supplemental testosterone were more active, displayed more
often, and had a higher rate of death.
106. Females almost always have a lower parental investment than males.
107. Full siblings share 25 percent of their alleles.
OTHER
108. Write the letter of the event that happens first in the development of song in male zebra finches next to
1. Sequence the following events, with the final event in the pathway written next to 6.
A.
structure and function of neurons are changed
B.
neurons anticipate key acoustical events
C.
a territory owner habituates to the sound of his singing neighbor
D.
exposure of hatchling to its species’ song
E.
an enzyme is produced
F.
zenk is activated
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
ANS:
1.
D
2.
F
3.
E
4.
A
5.
B
6.
C
ESSAY
109. Koko the gorilla was trained by scientists at Stanford University to communicate using American Sign
Language. She was housed in a trailer and interacted with frequently. One day she tore the sink in her
trailer out of the wall. When confronted by her trainers about this, Koko blamed her petite female
trainer for the damage. What insights might this behavior provide to animal behaviorists?
110. Sociologists have noted that women in different environments seem to find different types of men
attractive. For example, a physically weak but professionally successful man may be admired by
women in New York City, while in rural Wyoming the rugged cowboys are most popular. Explain this
phenomenon from the perspective of an evolutionary view of human social behavior.