CHAPTER 56—ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The songs of sparrows are _____.
a.
all genetically identical
b.
adaptively dissimilar
c.
characteristic of it species and its species alone.
d.
characteristic of all mating songs
e.
all related to predator avoidance
2. The ultimate evolutionary benefit to a male white-crowned sparrow’s singing is to ____.
a.
attract a mate
b.
defend his territory
c.
advertise his availability as a sire
d.
intimidate rival males
e.
produce surviving offspring
3. Ethology is the study of ________.
a.
how animals process information
b.
genetic mechanisms that underlie behavior
c.
the adaptive value of behaviors
d.
how animals behave in their natural environment
e.
physiological mechanisms that underlie behavior
4. Which of the following causes of behavior is classified as an ultimate cause?
a.
genetic
b.
cellular
c.
physiological
d.
anatomical
e.
adaptive
5. Questions about ultimate causes for behavior are _____ questions, while proximate questions about
behavior are _____ questions.
a.
what; who
b.
why; how
c.
what; how
d.
how; why
e.
complicated; simple
6. When behavioral biologists look at the ultimate evolutionary benefit to animal communication, they
are primarily focusing on the effects of the communication on the individual’s ability to ____.
a.
maintain a favorable position in the dominance hierarchy
b.
produce surviving offspring
c.
intimidate other animals
d.
form alliances with other animals
e.
find food
7. Young male white-crowned sparrows that were experimentally raised without ever hearing the song of
their species ____.
a.
never came close to singing the way wild males do
b.
never sang at all
c.
sang a poorly developed version of their species’ song
d.
instinctively performed the song perfectly
e.
sang a recognizable version of the song of an ancestral sparrow species
8. Instinctive behaviors are distinguished from learned behaviors because instinctive behaviors are ____
while learned behaviors are ____.
a.
genetically programmed responses; dependent upon experience
b.
dependent upon experience; genetically programmed responses
c.
acquired from observation; acquired from practice
d.
incomplete the first few times they are displayed; apparently a product of reason
e.
taught by parents; acquired from trial and error
9. Instinctive behaviors that are performed in exactly the same way every time they are triggered are
defined as ____.
a.
sign stimuli
b.
fixed action patterns
c.
releasers
d.
habitual behaviors
e.
conditioned behaviors
10. When newborn coastal garter snakes and newborn inland garter snakes are exposed to banana slug
chemicals, the coastal snakes responded by ____ while the inland snakes ____.
a.
attacking; fled
b.
tongue-flicking; did not tongue-flick
c.
feeding; did not feed
d.
avoiding the stimuli; tongue-flicked
e.
ignoring the stimuli; performed threat displays
11. When geese or ducks are imprinted, this means that they ____.
a.
will return to the place they were born to breed and raise their own young
b.
have become habituated to harmless stimuli
c.
have been experimentally trained by operant conditioning
d.
learned the features of a suitable mate during a critical period
e.
have two nonfunctional copies of a particular gene
12. Classical conditioning differs from operant conditioning in that classical conditioning associates ____
while operant conditioning links ____.
a.
two phenomena that are usually unrelated; a voluntary activity with a reward
b.
a response with punishment; a response with a reward
c.
instinctive behaviors with punishments; learned behaviors with rewards
d.
a voluntary activity with a reward; two phenomena that are usually unrelated
e.
learned behaviors with rewards; instinctive behaviors with rewards
13. When an animal is apparently aware of its circumstances and uses reasoning to achieve a goal it is said
to have _____.
a.
operant conditioning
b.
habituation
c.
cognition
d.
raven awareness
e.
learning
14. Pecking behavior in young herring gulls is triggered primarily by ____.
a.
hunger
b.
the shape of the parent gull’s head
c.
a red spot on the bill of the parent
d.
the overall body silhouette of the parent bird
e.
presence of predators
15. Biologists categorize the cue that stimulates young herring gulls to peck as a sign stimulus because the
pecking behavior ____.
a.
requires learning to perfect
b.
is completely instinctive
c.
is triggered by presentation of the cue
d.
is only triggered by the cue if it is accompanied by species-specific behaviors
e.
appears both in the presence and absence of the cue
16. Knockout mice with no active copies of the Dvl-1 gene ____.
a.
were apparently abnormal physically
b.
displayed normal social behavior
c.
were not easily startled
d.
were apparently normal physically and but not socially
e.
were apparently normal physically, but displayed abnormal social behavior and were
easily startled
17. Research of knockout mice with no active copies of the Dvl-1 gene can be used to study which of the
following in humans?
a.
schizophrenia only
b.
obsessive compulsive disorder only
c.
Huntington disease only
d.
HIV
e.
schizophrenia, obsessive compulsive disorder, and Huntington disease
18. When young male white-crowned sparrows first begin to sing, they match their vocal output to ____.
a.
any birdsong they hear during their initial days of singing
b.
an instinctive blueprint of their species’ song
c.
the memory of their species‘ song heard months earlier
d.
the memory of whatever song they heard during an early critical period
e.
the songs of male relatives heard during their initial days of singing
19. Which of the following events occurs to a territory-holding male zebra finch when he hears the song of
the male zebra finch that holds the neighboring territory?
a.
Cells in the nucleus of his forebrain fire frequently.
b.
The territory-holding male flies out to drive off the neighboring male.
c.
Cells in the nucleus of his forebrain do not respond to the song of the neighboring male.
d.
Testosterone levels in his blood rise measurably.
e.
The territory-holding male initiates a ritualized threat display that may culminate in an
expansion of his territory into the neighbor’s land.
20. Which of the following hormones results in the production of more neurons in the higher vocal center
of the brains of male, but not female, zebra finches?
a.
testosterone
b.
estrogen
c.
follicle-stimulating hormone
d.
epinephrine
e.
cortisol
21. The brains of female zebra finches lack the hormonal influences that occur in the brains of males.
What changes are seen in the female brains as a result?
a.
Auditory processing centers are especially well-developed in females.
b.
More neurons are produced in the higher vocal center.
c.
Transcription is boosted in genes whose products are involved in memory retention.
d.
The number of neurons in the higher vocal center declines.
e.
Octopamine levels increase, stimulating neural transmissions.
22. When extra juvenile hormone is experimentally administered to worker bees, they ____.
a.
revert to performing the duties of younger bees
b.
live longer
c.
begin laying eggs
d.
produce more octopamine
e.
develop impaired memories
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23. A worker bee about a day old is most likely to perform which of the following functions in the hive?
a.
cleaning cells
b.
feeding nestmates
c.
packing pollen
d.
feeding brood
e.
foraging
Use the diagram above for the following question(s).
24. Which of the labeled graphs above represents the age span of worker bees primarily occupied by
foraging?
a.
A
b.
B
c.
C
d.
D
e.
E
25. Which of the labeled graphs above represents the age span of worker bees primarily occupied by
feeding the brood?
a.
A
b.
B
c.
C
d.
D
e.
E
26. Which of the labeled graphs above represents the age span of worker bees primarily occupied by
packing pollen?
a.
A
b.
B
c.
C
d.
D
e.
E
27. How does losing or acquiring territory affect the brain anatomy and chemistry of an African cichlid
fish?
a.
size of the brain is changed
b.
shape of brain is changed
c.
the size and shape of the brain is changed
d.
the size of brain cells producing GnRH are changed
e.
the size of brain cells producing territorial hormone are changed
28. The Arctic tern makes an annual migration of up to _______.
a.
700,000 km
b.
70,000 km
c.
7,000 km
d.
700 km
e.
70 lm
29. If an animal finds his way by the type of wayfinding known as piloting, then he is using ____.
a.
familiar landmarks to guide his journey
b.
the sun’s position in the sky to orient himself
c.
both the sun’s position and a mental map
d.
the Earth’s magnetic field to orient himself
e.
another animal to lead the way as he learns the route
30. Tinbergen’s wasp experiments demonstrated that wasps find their nests by ____ cues.
a.
olfactory
b.
auditory
c.
visual
d.
both olfactory and visual
e.
both magnetic and auditory
31. When Tinbergen arranged pinecones around the nest of a female digger wasp but moved them when
the wasp was gone, the wasp ____.
a.
never found the nest until the pinecones were replaced
b.
took longer to find her nest
c.
found the nest immediately
d.
abandoned the nest
e.
dug a new nest in the center of the repositioned circle of pinecones
32. The most complex wayfinding mechanism is ____, in which animals use both a compass and a mental
map of the area.
a.
piloting
b.
orienteering
c.
compass orientation
d.
migration
e.
navigation
33. In an experiment on wayfinding, indigo buntings were housed in outdoor cages with blotting paper
walls and inkpads on the floors. Which of the following facts demonstrated to researchers that the
indigo bunting uses the positions of stars to orient its migration?
a.
The birds’ inky feet made prints indicating the direction in which they attempted to fly.
b.
In spring the inky footprints were mostly on the northern side of the cage.
c.
In fall the inky footprints were mostly on the south side of the cage.
d.
On cloudy nights the footprint patterns were random.
e.
In spring and fall, the anterior pituitary of the bird’s brain generated a series of hormonal
changes.
34. A taxis is distinguished from a kinesis because a taxis is ____ movement while a kinesis is ____
movement.
a.
ordered; a change in the rate of
b.
a migratory; a local
c.
random; directional
d.
a group; an individual
e.
slow; fast
35. The graph above illustrates the finding that ____.
a.
habitat preference is innate in blue tits but not in coal tits
b.
blue tits instinctively prefer pine trees while coal tits instinctively prefer oak trees
c.
habitat preference in both blue tits and coal tits is innate
d.
habitat preference in both blue tits and coal tits is learned
e.
habitat preference in blue tits is learned but in coal tits it is innate
36. Animals establish and defend territories only when ____.
a.
the effort does not endanger the life of the individual
b.
males compete for females by fighting
c.
females choose among displaying males
d.
some critical resource is in short supply
e.
territorial defense is not energetically costly
37. The courtship display of the wandering albatross is primarily a(n) ____display.
a.
acoustical
b.
visual
c.
chemical
d.
electrical
e.
tactile
38. _____ signals only operate over very short distances.
a.
Chemical
b.
Tactile
c.
Electrical
d.
Visual
e.
Acoustical
Use the figure above for the following question(s).
39. If the food source being communicated about is close to the hive, the bee performs the ____.
a.
round dance, which is image A
b.
round dance, which is image B
c.
waggle dance, which is image A
d.
waggle dance, which is image B
e.
round dance and the waggle dance in sequence
40. If a honeybee performing the dance in image B moves straight down the comb, then the other bees will
seek the nectar source by flying ____.
a.
directly toward the sun
b.
at a 45 angle to the right of the sun
c.
at a 45 angle to the left of the sun
d.
directly away from the sun
e.
due south
41. Upon finding a carcass, a raven will only call and attract other ravens to the food source if the ____.
a.
nearby ravens are relatives
b.
food source is large and plentiful
c.
food is found in a resident pair’s territory
d.
food is found in his own territory
e.
food is being consumed by an animal of another species
42. Males and females often differ in their reproductive strategies due to the fact that males can increase
the number of offspring they produce by ____ while females reproduce most successfully by ____.
a.
mating with a high-quality female; mating with a high-quality male
b.
driving off other males; defending a productive territory
c.
defending a productive territory; enlisting multiple males to aid in raising her offspring
d.
mating with multiple females; mating with a high-quality male
e.
mating with multiple females; mating with multiple males
43. All of the following traits are consistent with evolution by sexual selection EXCEPT ____.
a.
males are larger than females
b.
females actively choose superior males
c.
males often bear showy or defensive structures
d.
males gather and defend harems of females
e.
gametes are dispersed into the environment by wind or water
44. Polyandry is the mating system in which ____.
a.
one male and one female form a long-term association
b.
both males and females mate with multiple partners
c.
one male mates with many females
d.
one female mates with many males
e.
both males and females provide care to offspring
45. Winkler and Sheldon used the _____ to study _____ in swallows and martins
a.
mating method; mating systems
b.
mating method; nest building
c.
comparative method; mating systems
d.
comparative method; nest building
e.
reproductive method; nest building