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True / False
1. Movies and television shows about the police emphasize the police crime-fighting role.
a.
True
b.
False
2. The police themselves emphasize their role as crime fighters and play down their job as peacekeepers and social service
providers.
a.
True
b.
False
3. Elaine Cumming and her colleagues reported that the ordinary work routines of police officers include mostly law
enforcement activities and very few other activities.
a.
True
b.
False
4. The police role is extremely well defined and contains little ambiguity.
a.
True
b.
False
5. The “defense of life” standard allowed police officers to use deadly force against people who were using deadly force
against an officer or another person.
a.
True
b.
False
6. The primary goal or objective of the police should be to arrest all offenders.
a.
True
b.
False
7. Police generally have much less discretion than other officials in the criminal justice system.
a.
True
b.
False
8. The police officer is generally the first decision maker in the U.S. criminal justice system and is often the most
important.
a.
True
b.
False
9. Police are free or have the ability to ignore crimes or to exercise discretion regarding them, even when the crime is
serious.
a.
True
b.
False
10. An officer’s discretion varies depending on the type of situation he or she encounters.
a.
True
b.
False
11. The entire criminal justice system is based on the concept of discretion.
a.
True
b.
False
12. Most of what happens in the U.S. criminal justice system happens without the use of discretion by the police.
a.
True
b.
False
13. The growing popularity of less-than-lethal weapons (LTLW) by police officers in the United States virtually ensures
their increased use in the law enforcement community.
a.
True
b.
False
14. Two studies indicate that people who engage in violent crime or who engage the police in violent confrontations are
much more likely to be the victims of police shootings.
a.
True
b.
False
15. The "broken windows" theory suggests it is appropriate to allow a neighborhood to deteriorate if the neighborhood
will not participate in its upkeep.
a.
True
b.
False
16. Minority groups allege they are the victims of race-based policing due the NYPD stop-and-frisk policies.
a.
True
b.
False
17. In most cases where stops were made, the behavior of the suspect was what concerned the officer.
a.
True
b.
False
18. Officers have broad discretion on whether to arrest or not to arrest in domestic violence cases.
a.
True
b.
False
19. Gender does not play an important role in use of force incidents by police officers.
a.
True
b.
False
20. In 1985, the fleeing felon rule was declared unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in the landmark case of:
a.
Mapp v. Ohio.
b.
Lawrence v. Texas.
c.
Tennessee v. Garner.
d.
Terry v. Ohio.
21. The police make approximately ____________________ million arrests a year.
a.
3.3
b.
10.16
c.
12.2
d.
13.12
22. According to the text, the legality and morality of the “fleeing felon” rule have been challenged because of the U.S.
legal concept of:
a.
presumption of innocence.
b.
fundamental fairness.
c.
cruel and unusual punishment.
d.
application of equality.
23. Which of the following is incorrect?
a.
The police make more arrests for minor violations than serious crime.
b.
The police make more arrests for drug offenses than they do for driving while intoxicated (DWI/DUI)
c.
The police make more arrests for aggravated or felony assault than they do for misdemeanor assault.
d.
Violations of liquor laws, drunkenness, disorderly conduct, vagrancy, and loitering are responsible for
approximately 1.72 million arrests a year.
24. Of the following, the police make more arrests for ____________________ crimes than for the other types.
a.
violent
b.
property
c.
financial
d.
quality-of-life
25. Most police contacts involve:
a.
motor vehicle or traffic-related issues.
b.
family violence.
c.
arrests of offenders.
d.
testifying in court.
26. The police role is:
a.
very ambiguous.
b.
very clearly defined.
c.
mainly related to violent crime.
d.
mainly related to arresting offenders.
27. Robert Lilly’s research concluded that the majority of police calls are in reference to:
a.
burglaries.
b.
thefts.
c.
information.
d.
social services.
28. Egon Bittner has stated that police work has, from its earliest origins, been a:
a.
religious vocation.
b.
respected profession.
c.
feared occupation.
d.
tainted occupation.
29. Sheehan and Cordner state that the two primary goals and objectives of police departments are:
a.
maintaining order, and protecting life and property.
b.
preventing crime and arresting offenders.
c.
preventing crime and maintaining order.
d.
protecting life and property, and preventing crime.
30. According to the text, the police attempt to prevent crime by trying to create a sense of:
a.
safety and security.
b.
community involvement.
c.
omniscience.
d.
omnipresence.
31. Which of the following is not one of Broderick’s police operational styles?
a.
enforcers
b.
dreamers
c.
realists
d.
optimists
32. Officer Smith believes her role is to maintain order on her beat by arresting criminals. According to Broderick, she
would be considered a(n):
a.
realist.
b.
optimist.
c.
enforcer.
d.
idealist.
33. Officer Brown believes his role is keeping the peace and preserving the social order, yet he is very careful not to
violate the constitutional rights of individuals. According to Broderick, he would be considered a(n):
a.
realist.
b.
optimist.
c.
enforcer.
d.
idealist.
34. Officer Green believes that it is impossible to achieve the goals and objectives of the police department and
concentrates his efforts on the concept of police loyalty and the mutual support of his fellow officers. According to
Broderick, he would be considered a(n):
a.
realist.
b.
optimist.
c.
enforcer.
d.
idealist.
35. Officer White concentrates her efforts on helping people in trouble, rather than on keeping society safe. According to
Broderick, she would be considered a(n):
a.
realist.
b.
optimist.
c.
enforcer.
d.
idealist.
36. Which of the following is not one of James Q. Wilson’s operating styles?
a.
watchman
b.
legalistic
c.
service
d.
aggressive
37. The Magic City Police Department maintains order through informal police intervention, including persuasion and
threats, or hassling or roughing up disruptive people instead of formal arrests. According to James Q. Wilson, it would be
considered to be a ____________________ department.
a.
watchman
b.
legalistic
c.
moralistic
d.
service
38. The Humortown Police Department issues many summonses and makes many misdemeanor arrests. According to
James Q. Wilson, it would be considered to be a ____________________ department.
a.
watchman
b.
legalistic
c.
moralistic
d.
service
39. The Smalltown Police Department uses social service agencies to provide counseling for minor offenders. According
to James Q. Wilson, it would be considered to be a ____________________ department.
a.
watchman
b.
legalistic
c.
moralistic
d.
service
40. Police officers have ____________________ discretion.
a.
little
b.
tremendous
c.
limited
d.
no
41. The first decision maker in the criminal justice system and often the most important is the:
a.
judge.
b.
defense attorney.
c.
police officer.
d.
prosecutor.
42. Which of the following is not one of the reasons police exercise discretion?
a.
If the police enforced all the laws, all the time, they would be in the station house or court much of their time.
b.
Complete enforcement would alienate the public from the police.
c.
Most violations of law are minor and do not require full enforcement.
d.
The police want to show they have a caring attitude toward the community.
43. Which of the following is not one of the major factors Herbert Jacob says causes the police to exercise discretion?
a.
department policies
b.
characteristics of the crime
c.
relationship between criminal and victim or between police and criminal or victim
d.
geographic area of the crime
44. Which of the following is not one of the factors that may influence police discretion as indicated by research findings?
a.
time of day
b.
the offense
c.
subject’s attitude
d.
subject’s race
45. The ____________________ standard allows police officers to use deadly force against people who are using deadly
force against an officer or another person, as well as in certain violent felony situations.
a.
castle exception
b.
defense of property
c.
defense of life
d.
defense of community
46. Which of the following is part of the federal government’s imminent danger standard for use of deadly force?
a.
firing warning shots
b.
shooting at moving vehicles
c.
prisoner attempting escape who was being held in a high-security prison
d.
nonfatally shooting a suspect in the leg
47. Choke holds, carotid holds, and neck restraints became a source of controversy after:
a.
several lawsuits.
b.
some deaths.
c.
further study.
d.
changes in law enforcement policies.
48. In the 1970s, the American Law Institute proposed a(n) ____________________, which included new policies on the
use of deadly force.
a.
administrative rule
b.
National Bill of Police Rights
c.
legislative bill
d.
Model Penal Code
49. Most police patrol time is spent:
a.
as uncommitted time.
b.
as committed time.
c.
responding to calls for service.
d.
responding to dispatch.
50. Studies of police discretion have shown that the most significant factor in the decision to arrest is the:
a.
location of the offense.
b.
officer–offender relationship.
c.
seriousness of the offense committed.
d.
offender’s past criminal history.
51. Statistics clearly indicate that police officers:
a.
overuse force.
b.
do not overuse force.
c.
overuse threats.
d.
display their weapons too often.
52. Based on 2010 statistics, approximately ____________________ people were killed justifiably by police in a three-
year period.
a.
25
b.
390
c.
1,322
d.
10,227
53. In the landmark case Tennessee v. Garner, the U.S. Supreme Court declared the ____________________ rule
unconstitutional.
a.
fleeing felon
b.
consent search
c.
detention
d.
stop and frisk
54. According to the text, one way of controlling discretion, particularly improper application of discretion, is the
establishment of:
a.
strong policies.
b.
employee early warning systems.
c.
citizen review boards.
d.
active reporting systems.
55. Carl B. Klockars, in Idea of Police, broadly defines the basic function of the police as dealing with all those problems
that may require the use of __________.
56. The police try to create a sense that they are always there. This is called __________.
57. The availability of a choice of options or actions one can take in a situation is called __________.
58. Arresting offenders and assisting prosecutors in bringing charges against defendants is one of the primary methods
used by police to maintain order and protect __________and __________.
59. In 1985, the U.S. Supreme Court dealt with police use of deadly force, declaring the __________unconstitutional.
60. The federal government has redefined its deadly force policy used by federal agents and has adopted the __________
standard.
61. Ninety-six percent of local police departments have turned to the use of __________ in an attempt to reduce the use of
deadly force.
62. The U.S. system of criminal justice is interested in the __________, in addition to the letter of the law.
63. During the 1970s, many police departments developed an alternative to the fleeing felon doctrine; it was called the
__________.
64. Most police departments now train their officers in the use of force using the __________.
65. Wilson and Kelling's ___________________ theory suggests if an area of the community is allowed to deteriorate
without some remedy, crime will increase.
66. Suspect characteristics most influential in making an arrest after a traffic stop was whether the suspect
was_____________________.
67. According to the text, two roles of police work are crime-fighting and order-maintenance. What do you think the
police role really is?
68. List the primary and secondary goals of policing and give an example of how the police work toward each goal.
69. List and explain each of Broderick’s styles. Which style of officer would you want in your community? Why?
70. What is police discretion? Discuss and give examples of some of the ways police exercise discretion.
71. List and discuss the basic differences between the crime-fighting role and the order-maintenance role of the police?
Which role do you believe the police should emphasize and why?
72. Compare and contrast each of James Q. Wilson’s police department operational styles. Which operational style
should the police emphasize and why?
73. Officers have tremendous latitude when exercising police discretion. List and discuss what are some of the factors
that influence police discretion. What do you believe are the two most important factors and why?
74. List the types and uses of less-lethal weapons by the police. Discuss when and under what circumstances these less-
lethal weapons are used. What are the potential negative consequences of less-lethal weapons and should this prevent
their use?
75. This 1974 U.S. Supreme Court landmark decision was instrumental in changing what important aspect of law
enforcement. Read and discuss the impact of Tennessee v. Garner on law enforcement. How would you have decided
this case and why?
76. According to research cited in the text, how do the police actually spend their time at work. Do you believe the way
the police spend their time is the most productive and why or why not?
77. According to the text Wilson and Weiss set forth four basic approaches to workforce levels specifically intended for
smaller departments. List and discuss these four approaches and which approach you would favor if you were the chief of
a small agency and why?
78. The New York Police Department has a policy known as "Stop-and-Frisk". Many in the affected communities,
especially the minority community, claim this policy is race-based. State the basics of the policy and discuss if this policy
is race-based. What reasons are given by the police department for the policy? Why or why not do you believe the policy
is sound?
79. CALEA standards are a safeguard for officers involved in use of force incidents. Explain and discuss the concept of
"noble cause corruption" and how officers can immunize themselves from this type of corruption.
