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70. A major feature of the Mediterranean diet is liberal intake of ____.
a.
eggs
b.
olive oil
c.
lean meat
d.
fortified butter
e.
cheese
COMPLETION
1. All ____________________ have the same basic structure—a chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms
with an acid group (COOH) at one end and a methyl group (CH3) at the other end.
2. Triglycerides are composed of three fatty acids attached to a(n) ____________________.
3. During ____________________, some or all of the points of unsaturation are saturated by adding
hydrogen molecules. .
4. The best-known phospholipid is ____________________.
5. Cholesterol from outside the body is called ____________________ cholesterol.
6. Monoglycerides and long-chain fatty acids are emulsified by bile, forming spherical complexes known
as ____________________.
7. The ____________________ are the largest and least dense of the lipoproteins.
8. Adipose tissue actively secretes several hormones known as ____________________—proteins that
help regulate energy balance and influence several body functions.
9. The body uses the longer omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids to make substances known as
____________________.
10. The DRI suggest that linoleic acid provide ____________________ of the daily energy intake and
linolenic acid ____________________.
MATCHING
a.
Liver
k.
Oleic acid
b.
Olestra
l.
Stearic acid
c.
Micelle
m.
Cholesterol
d.
Aspirin
n.
Potato chips
e.
Lecithin
o.
Tropical oils
f.
Corn oil
p.
Chylomicron
g.
Olive oil
q.
Linolenic acid
h.
Sardines
r.
Cholecystokinin
i.
Pancreas
s.
High-density lipoprotein
j.
Canola oil
t.
Very-low density lipoprotein
1. An 18-carbon monounsaturated fatty acid
2. A source of medium-chain saturated fatty acids
3. A long-chain saturated fatty acid
4. A good source of monounsaturated fats
5. A phospholipid
6. Major dietary precursor for vitamin D synthesis
7. Source of bile
8. Signals the release of bile
9. Major source of lipase
10. Structure assisting absorption of long-chain fats
11. A lipoprotein synthesized within intestinal absorptive cells
12. A lipoprotein made primarily by the liver
13. The lipoprotein type with the highest percentage of protein
14. Slows the synthesis of eicosanoids
15. An essential fatty acid
16. Common source of trans-fatty acids
17. Good food source of omega-3 fatty acids
18. Good food source of omega-6 fatty acids
19. Fat replacement product made from fat
20. Oil that is characteristic of the Mediterranean diet
1. What methods are used by the food industry to inhibit rancidity of the unsaturated lipids in foods?
2. Describe the process of fat hydrogenation and discuss its advantages and disadvantages.
3. Discuss the meaning and significance of trans-fatty acids in the diet. List four common food sources.
4. Discuss the role of dietary cholesterol and the endogenous production of cholesterol and heart disease.
What is meant by "good" and "bad" cholesterol?
5. Discuss in detail the digestion, absorption, and transport of dietary lipids, including the sterols.
6. Compare and contrast the digestion-absorption mechanisms for long-chain vs. short-chain fatty acids.
ANS:
7. Discuss the composition and function of the major circulating lipoproteins.
8. Discuss the functions of lipids in the body. What is the role of the liver in metabolizing and processing
fats?
9. List the essential fatty acids (EFA) for human beings. What are the signs of EFA deficiency? What is
the minimum amount of EFA required to prevent a deficiency? What foods are rich sources of EFA?
10. Discuss the roles of hormone-sensitive lipase and lipoprotein lipase in the metabolism of fats.
11. Explain the possible links between dietary fat intake and cancer.
12. Discuss the relationship of dietary fats to atherosclerosis. What dietary changes bring about the
greatest reductions in blood lipids?
13. Explain the position of the American Heart Association concerning intake of butter and margarine.
14. How are omega-3 fats thought to protect against heart disease?
ANS:
15. Describe the content of traditional Mediterranean diets and explain the benefits of these foods to
cardiovascular health.
