e. public-private interface model
74. Some professionals have become concerned about lower-level security workers because:
a. such positions have a high turnover rate.
b. the pay rate is generally low.
c. low-level workers may be people who cannot find employment elsewhere.
d. all of the above.
e. none of these.
75. The less serious a crime is to the public, the more freedom officers have to ignore it is an example of what type of
police discretion?
a. the nature of the crime
b. the relationship between the alleged criminal and victim
c. the relationship between the police and the criminal or victim
d. the rank of the responding officer
e. prior criminal history
76. When it comes to police discretion, which one of the following statements is associated with departmental policy?
a. The less serious a crime is to the public, the more freedom officers have to use discretion.
b. Police discretion is dependent upon the relationship between the alleged criminal and the victim.
c. A polite complainant will be taken more seriously than a hostile one.
d. Departmental policy recognizes that some officers are more likely to investigate criminal activity than others.
e. Police administrators can set priorities and dictate changes that have enormous consequences on an officer’s use
of discretion.
77. When it comes to police discretion, which one of the following statements is associated with relationship between the
police and the criminal or victim?
a. The less serious a crime is to the public, the more freedom officers have to to use discretion.
b. Police discretion is dependent upon the relationship between the alleged criminal and the victim.
c. A polite complainant will be taken more seriously than a hostile one.
d. Departmental policy recognizes that some officers are more likely to investigate criminal activity than others.
e. Police administrators can set priorities and dictate changes that have enormous consequences on an officer’s use
of discretion.
78. According to a report by the National Institute of Justice, which statement regarding the police use of force is FALSE?
a. Police use force infrequently.
b. Police use of force typically occurs in the lower end of the force spectrum and involves grabbing, pushing, or
shoving.
c. Police use of force is frequent, but undocumented.
d. Use of force typically occurs when police are trying to make an arrest and the suspect is resisting.
79. According to a report by the National Institute of Justice, which statement regarding the police use of force is TRUE?
a. Police use force infrequently.
b. Police use of force typically occurs in the upper end of the force spectrum and involves beating and maiming.
c. Police use of force is frequent, but undocumented.
d. Use of force typically occurs during the morning shift.
80. According to a study of police officers in Wilmington, Delaware, _________ consumes the most time of an officer.
a. being on free patrol
b. doing crime-related activities
c. doing administrative tasks
d. being on traffic control
e. maintaining order
81. According to a study of police officers in Wilmington, Delaware, _________ consumes the second most time of an
officer.
a. being on free patrol
b. doing crime-related activities
c. doing administrative tasks
d. being on traffic control
e. maintaining order
82. Making the police presence known, to deter crime and to make officers available to respond quickly to calls is
characteristic of a(n) ______patrol.
a. preventative
b. routine
c. aggressive
d. proactive
e. reactive
83. Which of the following is NOT part of the process of catching a suspect?
a. checking in with shift commanders
b. detection of a crime
c. preliminary investigation
d. follow-up investigation
e. clearance and arrest
84. The job of the ______ is mainly to talk to witnesses, suspects, and victims.
a. detective
b. patrol officer
c. victim
d. bail bondsman
e. shift commander
Amy is late for work at a prestigious law farm. She is driving through town when she sees police lights flashing in her
rear view mirror. She immediately pulls off to the side of the road and retrieves her license and proof of car insurance.
She puts her car window down and waits patiently for the officer to arrive. When he does, she smiles and offers her
documents to the officer, using “Sir” when addressing him.
85. Officer Jones has just pulled over an expensive car for speeding, and as he approaches it he notices an elegant middle-
aged woman with a pleasant demeanor. The chief of police has made it quite clear he wants more tickets issued.
Discretion in this case is expressly limited by:
a. the less serious a crime is to the public, the more freedom officers have to ignore it.
b. the relationship between the alleged criminal and victim.
c. the relationship between the police and the criminal or victim.
d. the nature of the crime.
e. departmental policy
86. If Officer Jones decides not to issue a ticket, he will be exercising:
a. judgment.
b. decision-making skills.
c. his official duties.
d. discretion.
e. departmental policy.
87. Officer Jones decides not to issue a ticket. After all, the woman was very nice and sophisticated. Officer Jones’
decision is based on:
a. the less serious a crime is to the public, the more freedom officers have to ignore it.
b. the relationship between the alleged criminal and victim.
c. the relationship between the police and the criminal.
d. the nature of the crime.
e. departmental policy
88. A patrol strategy that assigns priorities to calls for service and chooses the appropriate response is called:
a. differential response.
b. research based.
c. evidence based.
d. incident driven.
e. evidence response.
Completion
89. Officers are expected to use ___________when making choices in ambiguous situations.
90. Intimate partner violence between spouses, boyfriends and girlfriends is called ________ ________.
91. _________ __ ___ ______ occurs when officers violate departmental policy and /or constitutional rights by exceeding
the level of force permissible and necessary in a given situation.
92. The use of abusive language to physical force and violence can be considered ________ _______.
93. ________ _______ occurs when officers violate the law and/or departmental policy for personal gain.
94. New officers must be instilled with a sense of _______ and _______ in all of their training.
95. _______ _______ is a branch of a police department that receives and investigates complaints alleging violation of
rules and policies on the part of officers.
96. _________ is a nonprofit organization formed by major law enforcement executive associations to develop standards
for police policies and practice; on request, will review police agencies and award accreditation upon meeting those
standards. .
97. _______ _______ _______ are committees formed to investigate complaints against the police.
98. ______ _______ ______ is when officers are deployed based upon results from social science studies.
99. Police responding to 911 calls are acting in a ____________________ manner.
100. The ____________________refers to the percentage of crimes known to police that they believe they have solved
through an arrest.
101. ____________ officers have taken an oath and have powers to make arrests.
102. _____________ patrol is intended to deter crime and make the police presence known.
103. Officers with investigation duties are known as ___________________.
104. The _________ ______ ________ ________ __________is considered the most influential test of the general
deterrent effects of patrol on crime.
105. ___________ ______ involve an officer constantly moving through an area to prevent criminals from committing
illegal acts.
106. ____________________ patrol is a strategy designed to maximize the number of police interventions and
observations in the community.
107. _________ ________, with its focus on community-based crime prevention, has required a major shift in the
philosophy of policing.
108. The productivity of a force can be measured in various ways, including ______ rate.
109. Geographic concentrations of crime are called __________ ___________.
110. In a ____________ society, relations between the police and minorities are complicated by stereotypes , cultural
variations, and language differences.
111. Law enforcement _______ is gathered to learn about criminal activities and criminal organizations in order to
monitor their activities and prevent crime.
112. The ________ was passed by Congress in 2001to expand the federal government’s ability to conduct searches and
surveillance of suspected terrorists.
113. Corporations and businesses are likely to use __________ ___________to keep their buildings and property safe.
114. The policies of the police chief and city officials that promote more or less discretion are called ______ ______.
115. The —--___ serious a crime is to the public, the more freedom officers have to ignore it.
116. Use of force typically occurs when police are trying to make an arrest and the suspect is ______.
117. The risk of _______ by victims of improper police shootings and other injury producing uses of force looms over
police departments and creates an incentive for administrators to impose standards for the proper use of force.
118. During a typical patrol, the category of activity an officer is most engaged in is the ____ patrol.
119. On a free patrol, an officer would either be parked or _______.
120. ______ _______ are police employees who have taken an oath and been given powers by the state to make arrests
and to use necessary force, in accordance with their duties.
Subjective Short Answer
Officer Sally King has been on the force for four years. She truly loves her job, but finds it sometimes difficult to live on a
police officer’s salary. She has noticed many of her coworkers seem to live at a much higher standard of living than she
does. She is amazed at the large homes and vehicles that a select few officers have acquired.
121. One day Officer King discussed her concerns with a fellow officer. The officer replied that it is easy to make a little
side money. He then informed her that one could accept money in exchange for writing tickets and no one would know.
This is an example of:
a. grass eating.
b. meat eating.
c. internal affairs.
d. disparity.
e. brutality.
122. Officer King continued her discussion with the fellow officer. She informed the officer that she would be so afraid of
getting caught that she could not participate in such behavior. The officer informed her that she would be shocked at the
corrupt activity within the department including officers having connections with mobsters. This would be an example of:
a. grass eating.
b. meat eating.
c. internal affairs.
d. disparity.
e. brutality.
123. Officer King continued on her shift deeply troubled by her recent conversation. She felt completely torn concerning
what is right and what is officer loyalty. She decided she would report this to what department?
a. SWAT
b. SRT
c. internal affairs
d. SRO
e. SRT
124. Interestingly, as Officer King was going home the next morning, her captain informed her that he had an opportunity
for her. During the upcoming NFL season, they would need officers to work off duty security. She would be paid
approximately fifty dollars an hour. This is an example of:
a. departmental contract model.
b. officer contract model.
c. brokerage model.
d. security.
e. payoff.
Officer Jordan Stanley is called to a shoplifting call. Upon arrival, he talks with the store manager concerning the facts of
the case. Apparently, a 16-year-old female attempted to steal a pair of shoes for an upcoming school event. Officer
Stanley writes a citation and then discusses with the manager how to prevent future cases from occurring. The manager
agrees to implement many of the suggestions.
125. When Officer Stanley responds to the call, he is responding in what manner?
a. proactive
b. reactive
c. investigatory
d. crime control
e. crime scene
126. What style of policing is Officer Stanly practicing in this case?
a. incident driven.
b. differential response.
c. incentive laden.
d. retroactive.
e. proactive.
127. By writing a citation to the offender, Officer Stanly is practicing:
a. domestic violence.
b. corruption.
c. discretion.
d. arrest powers.
e. security.
River Justice just graduated from a small private university. He has a double major in both criminal justice and sociology.
He has wanted to be a police officer since he was five years old, but cannot even seem to get an interview in today’s tough
economy. River has decided to pursue security work until his dream job comes through.
128. River applied to a higher level security management position. He was offered the position with the stipulation that he
would pursue his master’s degree, which the company would pay for. Since the job requires management of personnel
and budgets, the firm would probably like River to earn a degree in:
a. computer science.
b. engineering.
c. business management.
d. liberal arts.
e. nursing.
129. One of River’s new duties includes organizing training for his line security officers. He was amazed at the credentials
of his current staff. He noticed a pattern emerged with each report he read. Which is most likely NOT a characteristic he
noted?
a. little education
b. little training
c. high turnover
d. low job satisfaction
e. all of these
Essay
130. Police departments use several methods to measure police productivity. In light of the shift to community policing
(and away from punitive crime control), can measures such as arrests and traffic stops still be used as measures of police
productivity? Support your answer, and suggest alternative measures if appropriate.
131. Describe those factors that affect how police exercise discretion and make choices about actions, especially in
ambiguous situations when it is not clear how to apply the law.
132. Different departments allocate their officers in different ways. Some departments keep more officers on patrol than
others, while others stress criminal investigation. What factors might affect these different choices about officer
distribution?
133. Explain the difficulties a law enforcement officer who works in internal affairs might face. Who would they associate
with? Would other officers look at them negatively? In what ways could you improve the relationship?
134. Homeland security has become an important priority for law enforcement agencies at all levels of government since
September 11, 2001. Describe some of the ways that has happened.
135. Many large metropolitan police departments have specialized units within their departments in order to concentrate
on that particular aspect of crime. If you were the police chief, what special operations would you require in your
department? What would be the requirements that officers would have to meet in order to assume working in that unit?
136. Critics of the USA Patriot Act claim that the Act infringes on individual rights and may even violate the United
States Constitution. Do you agree with these critics? Does the Patriot Act help to keep our country safer? Support your
answer with material from the text.
137. Explain why the Kansas City experiment was so important to law enforcement especially in regards to patrol. What
changes would departments make if they were aware of the findings of this research study? Would a newer study reflect
the same findings?
138. To be effective, the police must maintain their connection with the community. Describe strategies police use in
order to improve their relations with the communities they serve.
139. How can corporations that offer private security recruit qualified applicants? Is it necessary to require a college
education to work within such a field? Is private security a viable career path outside of law enforcement?
140. Five factors are especially important in determining when and how police use discretion. What are the five factors
and explain how they are used?
141. What are the top four categories of activity that an officer spends doing during a typical shift? What is involved in
these activities?