1. What level of institution touches the lives of more individuals than any other penal institution?
a.
jail
b.
prison
c.
halfway house
d.
day reporting center
2. While jails in some states hold persons for only a few hours, most jails can detain people for _____ hours or
longer.
a.
8
b.
12
c.
48
d.
72
3. Police lockups can hold people for:
a.
96 hours.
b.
less than 48 hours.
c.
1 week.
d.
72 hours.
4. Which colony became the model for jails?
a.
Georgia
b.
Maryland
c.
Pennsylvania
d.
Virginia
5. The initial step when admitted to jail is:
a.
receiving housing assignment.
b.
classification.
c.
booking.
d.
risk assessment.
6. The jail system originated in:
a.
France.
b.
Germany.
c.
Russia.
d.
England.
7. In the colonial era, instead of cells, inmate housing took the form of:
a.
large dormitories.
b.
private homes.
c.
small rooms.
d.
no inside shelters.
8. The first state to establish a jail was:
a.
Virginia.
b.
Maryland.
c.
New York.
d.
Georgia.
9. The contemporary jail is usually under the authority of the:
a.
mayor.
b.
warden.
c.
local council.
d.
sheriff.
10. Today, most jails have approximately ___ beds.
a.
1 to 49
b.
50 to 249
c.
250 to 999
d.
more than 1,000
11. During the past decade, jail populations saw a steady increase. In the last few years the trend has:
a.
stabilized and then depicted an increase again.
b.
remained static.
c.
stabilized and even decreased.
d.
doubled.
12. The number of juveniles held in jails has declined primarily because of the _________________, which grants federal
money to cities and states that agree not to confine juveniles in jail.
a.
Violence Against Women Act
b.
Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act
c.
Juvenile Restorative Justice Act
d.
Juvenile Justice Reentry Reformation Act
13. Largely due to increased security risks, the number of juveniles held in adult jails has:
a.
increased.
b.
decreased.
c.
doubled.
d.
remained the same.
14. The number of elderly jail inmates during the last decade has:
a.
decreased.
b.
remained the same.
c.
tripled.
d.
doubled.
15. Despite the increase in incarcerated female offenders, nearly _____ out of 10 jail inmates are adult males.
a.
9
b.
6
c.
5
d.
4
16. The social class overrepresented in the nation’s jails is the:
a.
wealthy.
b.
middle class.
c.
upper middle class.
d.
poor.
17. John Irwin refers to disorderly and disorganized jail inmates as:
a.
rabble.
b.
incivilities.
c.
perceived risks.
d.
hoopies.
18. Blacks are approximately ___ times more likely than Hispanics and ___ times more likely than whites to be
in jail.
a.
2, 3
b.
3, 5
c.
3, 10
d.
5, 15
19. The alternatives to local control of jails are:
a.
state-run jails.
b.
regional arrangements.
c.
state-subsidized programs.
d.
all of these choices.
20. Linear/intermittent surveillance is a characteristic of:
a.
second-generation jail.
b.
new-generation jail.
c.
first-generation jail.
d.
privatization.
21. The indirect or podular/remote surveillance is a characteristic of:
a.
second-generation jail.
b.
privatization.
c.
new-generation jail.
d.
first-generation jail.
22. Direct or podular/direct supervision is a characteristic of:
a.
first-generation jail.
b.
new-generation jail.
c.
privatization.
d.
second-generation jail.
23. Which jail complies with the Prison Rape Elimination Act in that it establishes a zero-tolerance standard for
the incidence of prison rape in U.S. prisons?
a.
first-generation jail
b.
second-generation jail
c.
new-generation jail
d.
fourth-generation jail
24. It is difficult for small jails to develop a variety of programs because they lack:
a.
space.
b.
staff.
c.
fiscal resources.
d.
all of these choices.
25. Jails are constitutionally mandated to make available:
a.
adequate health care.
b.
drug and alcohol treatment programs.
c.
jail industries.
d.
work release.
26. Jails have even fewer alternatives for dealing with the issue of _______ than prisons.
a.
overcrowding
b.
privatization
c.
costs
d.
drugs
27. Jail suicide rates are _________ that of the general population.
a.
double
b.
triple
c.
one-fourth
d.
half
28. Jail officers’ lack of knowledge for appropriate intervention strategies poses a problem when dealing with
the:
a.
funding units.
b.
administrators.
c.
mentally ill.
d.
inmates’ visitors.
29. One of the major issues for jail administrators that often involve both inmates and staff, especially in large
urban areas, is:
a.
work programs.
b.
violence.
c.
education.
d.
privatizing services.
30. Keeping track of inmates visually within the jail often involves using physiological or behavioral
characteristics of the inmate known as ________ technology.
a.
DNA analytical
b.
ultrasonic
c.
webcast
d.
biometric
31. In recent years, seven states have enacted legislation that transfer control of local jails to:
a.
state government.
b.
federal government.
c.
local police agencies.
d.
state police agencies.
32. Pennsylvania established the first colonial jail, but it was the Virginia jails established by reformer Virginia Dare in
the 17th century that later became the model for other states.
a.
True
b.
False
33. A fee system was also used in the colonies in which inmates were required to pay for their own food and services,
including wood and coal for heat.
a.
True
b.
False
34. At the beginning of the 19th century, children, debtors, slaves, the mentally ill, and the physically ill were housed in
jails, but as the century progressed, children and the mentally ill were more often sent to other institutions.
a.
True
b.
False
35. In 1773, the Walnut Street Jail was constructed in Philadelphia in which prisoners were employed in hard labor in the
institution and released during the day to repair and clean streets and highways.
a.
True
b.
False
36. The concept of the English jail was brought to Britain’s colonies in North America soon after the settlers arrived from
the Old World.
a.
True
b.
False
37. Police lockups can hold persons for periods for up to 72 hours.
a.
True
b.
False
38. The initial step for offenders in the incarceration process is to be placed in a housing unit.
a.
True
b.
False
39. Detox and suicide prevention are problems to be identified as part of the classification process.
a.
True
b.
False
40. Male inmates far outnumber females, though the disparity is narrowing somewhat.
a.
True
b.
False
41. As prisons become more overcrowded, correctional officials use local jails to house inmates when there is
no room in state prisons.
a.
True
b.
False
42. Despite bail reform efforts, the poor are still the group least likely to make bail.
a.
True
b.
False
43. African American and Hispanic females are less likely to receive jail sentences than are white female inmates.
a.
True
b.
False
44. While African Americans and whites make up the great bulk of the jail population, American Indians are held in local
jails at the highest rate of any racial group.
a.
True
b.
False
45. John Irwin refers to disorderly and disorganized jail inmates as “rabble” and contends that the jail was invented and
continues to be operated in order to manage society’s rabble.
a.
True
b.
False
46. The population of elderly jail inmates has more than doubled in size during the past decade.
a.
True
b.
False
47. A major problem of jail administration is that sheriffs are politically accountable to county voters, so jails are one of
the most political institutions in adult corrections.
a.
True
b.
False
48. Transportation problems, multijurisdiction funding problems, and turf disputes limit or prohibit the even wider use of
regional jails.
a.
True
b.
False
49. First-generation jails are designed to provide indirect or podular/remote surveillance.
a.
True
b.
False
50. The weakness of first-generation designed jails is found in the inability of staff to see more than one or two cells at a
time.
a.
True
b.
False
51. Management in first-generation jails assumes that they hold violent inmates who express their rage by victimizing
each other, assaulting staff members, destroying property, and attempting to escape.
a.
True
b.
False
52. Second-generation jails comply with the Prison Rape Elimination Act in that they establish a zero-tolerance
standard for the incidence of prison rape in U.S. prisons.
a.
True
b.
False
53. Direct-supervision (DS) jails place the correctional officers’ station within the inmates’ living area, or pod, which
means the officer can see and speak to inmates.
a.
True
b.
False
54. Jails are constitutionally mandated to make available adequate health care delivery systems.
a.
True
b.
False
55. Women comprise one-third of all jail employees.
a.
True
b.
False
56. Biometrics is the use of carpentry skills training for jail inmates in order to increase employment placement upon
release.
a.
True
b.
False
57. Jail officers are adequately trained to deal appropriately with mentally ill prisoners.
a.
True
b.
False
58. The first colony to institute a jail was _______________.
59. In New Hampshire and Massachusetts, a ________________ holds convicted misdemeanants and a county jail holds
pretrial detainees.
60. After an arrest, an individual is taken to jail to first go through____________________.
61. The number of juveniles held in jails has declined primarily because of the ____________________.
62. Criminologist John Irwin refers to disorderly and disorganized persons as _______________.
63. In more than 3,000 counties in the United States, the ______________ runs the jail.
64. An arrangement when a jurisdiction with an adequate jail is willing to contract with neighboring cities and
counties to house prisoners on a per diem basis is known as __________________________.
65. _________________ jails offer many advantages, including effective supervision of inmates, improved
communication between staff and inmates, safety of staff and inmates, and improved classification and orientation of
inmates.
66. This act, _______________, is dedicated to collecting national prison rape statistics, data, and conducting research;
disseminating information and procedures for combating prison rape; and assisting in funding state programs.
67. ____________________ jails provide linear/intermittent surveillance of inmates.
68. ____________________jails provide indirect or podular/remote surveillance.
69. An ___________________ is an incarceration facility that has a centrally placed, high-strength, mirrored-glass control
center with a panoramic view that provides 100 percent surveillance of the entire facility.
70. The new-generation jails are based on the ____________________model.
71. If inmates are considered a high risk for suicide, they may be monitored with ___________________, in
which inmates are placed in specially equipped cells and in which there is frequent supervision.
72. A new method of tracking inmates by utilizing physiological or behavioral characteristics in a three-step
process is known as ____________________ technology.
73. What are the three different types of local correctional institutions?
74. Discuss the historical origins of the jail in what would become the United States.
75. What occurs during the booking and classification process at a jail?
76. Discuss social class and the jail population.
77. Discuss jail populations and why they continue to increase.
78. Name and explain the three alternatives to local control of jails.
79. What are the four generations of jail supervision?
80. How do regional jails differ from other models?
81. Name at least four jail programs currently utilized.
82. Discuss some of the health care issues confronting individuals in the jail setting.
83. Name three of the most serious issues facing the jails in the United States today.
84. Explain the use of biometrics in the jail/prison setting.