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True / False
1. Social reaction theory is also commonly called critical theory.
a.
True
b.
False
2. Secondary deviance produces a deviance amplification effect.
a.
True
b.
False
3. People often interpret symbolic gestures from others, but rarely incorporate them in their self-image.
a.
True
b.
False
4. While some judges feel sympathetic toward White defendants, they never help them avoid delinquent labels.
a.
True
b.
False
5. In some cases, youthful offenders fight back against their negative labels.
a.
True
b.
False
6. To drive home the point that the youthful suspect is an outcast who should be shunned by society, the justice system
relies on a degradation ceremony.
a.
True
b.
False
7. According to social conflict theory, those who hold power in contemporary society set the rules, control the law, and
decide who is deviant, delinquent, and/or criminal.
a.
True
b.
False
8. Conflict theorists suggest that the justice system is effective in limiting delinquency.
a.
True
b.
False
9. The concept of restorative justice has its roots in symbolic interaction theory.
a.
True
b.
False
10. Shame is a powerful tool of formal social control.
a.
True
b.
False
11. In the long run it is less damaging to be falsely accused than to be a secret deviant.
a.
True
b.
False
12. Being institutionalized as a juvenile will hit girls particularly hard.
a.
True
b.
False
13. Youths who were in trouble and arrested at an early age are more likely to lose their jobs and have spotty employment
records as adults.
a.
True
b.
False
14. Control theory centers on a view of society in which an elite class uses the law as a means of meeting threats to its
status.
a.
True
b.
False
15. Globalization has allowed criminal gangs, but not individual offenders, to gain tremendous operational benefits while
reducing risks of apprehension and punishment.
a.
True
b.
False
16. There has been an ongoing effort to reduce the conflict created by the application of harsh punishments to offenders,
many of whom are powerless social outcasts.
a.
True
b.
False
17. Embarrassment is the feeling we get when we do not meet the standards we have set for ourselves or that significant
others have set for us.
a.
True
b.
False
18. The fear of shame can backfire or be neutralized.
a.
True
b.
False
19. Research efforts have generally shown that BARJ (Balanced and Restorative Justice) programs have little to no
success in reducing offender recidivism rates.
a.
True
b.
False
20. Both positive and negative labels involve objective interpretation of behavior.
a.
True
b.
False
21. If you were to investigate a theory that views sustained delinquent behavior resulting from destructive social
interactions and encounters, which of the following should you choose?
a.
Conflict
b.
Social control
c.
Social reaction
d.
Critical
22. The roots of social reaction theory can be found in what branch of sociology?
a.
Symbolic interaction
b.
Functionalism
c.
Conflict
d.
Deviance
23. Jill is interested in understanding the theory that focuses on power in contemporary society. What theory should Jill
investigate?
a.
Social conflict
b.
Social reaction
c.
Social control
d.
Differential association
24. Alice is considered introverted. She has never engaged in any type of delinquent activities. A student at Sabre High
School, her social skills are not commensurate with her age, prompting classmates to call her stupid. Her manner of dress
is viewed by her peers as "weird." She is shunned in the cafeteria and is never chosen for group assignments or as a lab
partner. As a result of Alice's social condemnation by her classmates, she begins to commit minor and then more serious
acts of delinquency. The process experienced by Alice is best associated with which of the following theories?
a.
Social conflict
b.
Labeling
c.
Social control
d.
Differential association
25. What leads to a damaged self-image and an increase in antisocial behaviors?
a.
Reintegrative shaming
b.
Self-fulfilling prophecy
c.
Degradation ceremonies
d.
Dramatization of evil
26. Labels become the basis of personal identity; as the labels become more and more negatively enforced by feedback
from significant persons in the youth's life, the youth's identity transforms. What is this process called?
a.
Dramatization of evil
b.
Labeled deviant
c.
Reintegrative shaming
d.
Self-fulfilling prophecy
27. Roscoe stole a Match-Box car to give to his cousin who is in the hospital. Roscoe is not caught and his cousin, who is
dying from cancer, is happy for a short period of time. Why type of deviance applies in this situation?
a.
Primary
b.
Covert
c.
Overt
d.
Secondary
28. In addition to assuring reintegration of the offender, what is the intended process of restorative programs?
a.
Repair injuries suffered by the victim
b.
Repair injuries suffered by the victim and the community
c.
Repair injuries suffered by the community
d.
Repair injuries suffered by the victim and repay the justice system
29. What source of labeling is extremely damaging because it may cause adolescents to seek deviant peers whose
behavior amplifies the effect of the label?
a.
Parental
b.
Peer
c.
Community
d.
Judicial
30. Youths who engage in delinquency and get caught and labeled are referred to as pure deviants, whereas youths who
continually break rules and avoid labeling are referred to as secret deviants. What models of labeling would best fit these
descriptions?
a.
Conformists, pure deviants,
b.
Secret deviants, conformists
c.
Pure deviants, secret deviants
d.
Falsely accused, secret deviants
31. Labeling alienates parents from their children and negative labels reduce children's self-image and increase
delinquency. What is this process called?
a.
Stigmatization
b.
Dramatization of evil
c.
Reintegrative shaming
d.
Reflected appraisals
32. Lizzy is 16 years old; she was recently waived to adult court, charged with stabbing her father 60 times and her
mother 61 times. Friends and neighbors said they always knew something "wasn't right with that girl." NCC ran a week's
worth of debates on their various discussion formats dissecting Lizzy's past behaviors and current situation with their legal
analysts. What is this discussion concerning the link between Lizzy's past and present behaviors called?
a.
Self-fulfilling prophecy
b.
Retrospective reading
c.
Reintegrative shaming
d.
Degradation ceremony
33. If someone were interested in researching the theory that holds the view that society is in a constant state of internal
conflict as different groups strive to impose their will on others, what theory would best fit their research interest?
a.
Social control
b.
Social conflict
c.
Labeling
d.
Symbolic interaction
34. Alicia shoplifted in a boutique known for its trendy clothes. Alicia is caught with a $200.00 purse and a $75.00 tank
top. After the charges are read aloud in court, Alicia is severely scolded by the judge who states that Alicia's actions were
greedy and tells Alicia it is obvious that she is self-absorbed. Alicia is adjudicated delinquent. What process is
exemplified by Alicia's encounter with the juvenile justice system?
a.
Dramatization of evil
b.
Strategic labeling
c.
Degradation ceremony
d.
Reintegrative shaming
35. King has been in and out of the juvenile court for a variety of minor offenses. Some within the court refer to the court
as King's revolving door as adjudication does not appear to inhibit his delinquent behaviors. His court-appointed
counselor has suggested that the justice system may actually be sustaining rather than inhibiting King's behavior. What
theory aligns with the court counselor's view?
a.
Symbolic interaction
b.
Social control
c.
Labeling
d.
Social conflict
36. What theorists view the law and justice system as vehicles for controlling the have-not members of society?
a.
Symbolic interaction
b.
Social control
c.
Social conflict
d.
Labeling
37. Jack is researching delinquency and capitalism; specifically, that delinquency is a normal response to the conditions
created by capitalism. What theory should Jack be researching?
a.
Social control
b.
Social reaction
c.
Social conflict
d.
Law and justice
38. What two concepts do social reaction theorists indicate apply to labeling?
a.
Interaction, stigmatizing
b.
Interpretation, symbolic interaction
c.
Stigmatizing, interpretation
d.
Interaction, interpretation
39. Jack is captain of the football team, the criminal justice student association president, and has an outstanding GPA.
He was just notified that he had received a full-ride scholarship to an Ivy League university. The week before the big
playoff game, it was discovered that Jack had cheated on his history exam. Upon review of several of his essays, it was
also discovered that he had plagiarized a lot of the material included in the papers. Everyone was shocked when Jack’s
academic dishonesty became known throughout the school. Jack was removed as president of the student organization as
well as captain of the football team, he could not participate in the playoff game, and worst of all, he was stripped of the
scholarship. Jack dropped out of high school rather than return and face everyone; he eventually wound up a petty thief
who was in and out of prison. Jack’s academic dishonesty essentially created a new identity for Jack; this is what type of
labeling?
a.
Primary deviance
b.
Labeling
c.
Secondary deviance
d.
Shaming
40. What term refers to the use of humanistic, nonpunitive strategies to right wrongs and restore social harmony?
a.
Neutralization
b.
Restorative justice
c.
Balanced justice
d.
Deinstitutionalization
41. By focusing attention on the social interactions and reactions that shape individual behavior, what does labeling theory
recognize about delinquency?
a.
Labeling a youth as delinquent does not matter
b.
Delinquency is not a disease or pathological behavior
c.
Understanding agencies or individuals charged with control over delinquents is not necessary
d.
There is no distinction between delinquent acts
42. What is the policy that substitutes alternative, community-based sanctions for state training schools?
a.
Deinstitutionalization
b.
Treatment
c.
Reintegration
d.
Diversion
43. Stigmatized as troublemakers, youth may begin to incorporate the label into their own self-image. What is the
consequence of labeling called?
a.
Self-rejecting attitude
b.
Personal reassessment
c.
Degradation ceremony
d.
Self-fulfilling prophecy
44. In what country does criminal prosecution proceed only when the normal process of public apology, compensation,
and the victim’s forgiveness breaks down?
a.
Germany
b.
Sweden
c.
England
d.
Japan
45. Which of the following theories supports the use of Family Group Conferencing in deciding the resolution of the
delinquent/criminal act?
a.
Social control
b.
Social reaction
c.
Reintegrative shaming
d.
Restorative justice
46. Techniques used to allow offenders to understand and recognize their wrongdoing and to shame themselves refers to
what process?
a.
Degradation ceremonies
b.
Retrospective reinterpretation
c.
Reintegrative shaming
d.
Deinstitutionalization
47. What is the peacemaking technique in which offenders, victims, and other community members are brought together
in an effort to formulate a sanction that addresses the needs of all concerned parties?
a.
Community restitution
b.
Reintegrative shaming
c.
Sentencing circles
d.
Intermediate sanctions
48. Jack lives with both biological parents in a middle-class neighborhood. Jack was caught with alcohol in his locker at
school and ended up in juvenile court. What theory acknowledges middle-class delinquency?
a.
Social conflict
b.
Restorative justice
c.
Social control
d.
Social reaction
49. What is seen as a set of principles, a philosophy, an alternate set of guiding questions, and questions that provide an
alternative framework for thinking about wrongdoing?
a.
Symbolic interaction
b.
Intermediate sanctions
c.
Community restoration
d.
Restorative justice
50. What are significant predictors of serious delinquent behaviors?
51. What often involves conforming to group norms that conflict with those of conventional society?
52. Name the four possible outcomes developed by Becker in the relationship between labeling and delinquent or other
deviant behavior.
53. What occurs when a deviant event comes to the attention of significant others or social control agents who apply a
negative label?
54. According to social conflict theory, what happens to society as different groups strive to impose their will on others?
55. What refers to the reassessment of a person’s past to fit a current generalized label?
56. What process occurs when offenders begin to understand and recognize their wrongdoing?
57. What important principle of social reaction theory states that those with economic and social power benefit while
those who are powerless are penalized?
58. What is the process of removing juveniles from adult jails and placing them in community-based programs to avoid
the stigma attached to these facilities?
59. What helps socialize youth into the wider society, instilling in them such desirable values as discipline, caring, and
respect for others?
60. What is the process of creating a worldwide economy through transnational markets and political and legal systems
and who is most affected?
61. What is restorative justice?
62. Conflict theorists view delinquency as a normal response to what conditions?
63. What does labeling perspective identify as the role played by social control agents?
64. On what concept should restorative programs focus?
65. Rather than a distributor of retribution and revenge, what does the justice system become under restoration?
66. People communicate via symbols that stand for or represent something else. To what does this refer?
67. Why do the meanings of concepts and symbols change over time?
68. What does “stigmatize” mean?
69. Name two types of shaming.
70. Describe the concept of symbolic interaction, including some examples. Explain your view of this concept.
71. Identify and describe sources of labels and how labels from the juvenile justice system can be devastating. Explain
why you agree or disagree with this idea.
72. Describe the concept of primary and secondary deviance and explain how secondary deviance involves resocialization
into a deviant role. Explain your view of this theory.
73. Discuss Becker’s Fourfold Model of Labeling as presented in the text. Explain why you agree or disagree with
Becker’s theory.
74. Explain differential labeling and the major premise of social reaction theory. Explain your view on differential
labeling.
75. Describe the concept of damaged identity. Explain why you agree or disagree with the idea that once labels are
applied, they increase the likelihood of persistent offending.
76. Describe globalization and delinquency. Explain why you agree or disagree with the premise that globalization will
have a profound influence on the future of indigent youth.
77. Describe the relationship between class and delinquency. Explain why you agree or disagree that the capitalist system
affects youth differently at the different class levels.
78. Identify and describe the levels within our society where restorative justice is being utilized. What is your view on
restoration programs in these areas? Provide a rationale for your view.
79. Describe Balanced and Restorative Justice (BARJ). Explain why you agree or disagree that justice is best served
when the victim, community, and offender are viewed as equal clients of the justice system.
