57. Errors in cognition and information processing have been used to explain the behavior of child abusers. What
distorted thinking pattern/perception is expressed by child abusers?
a. Abusers perceive children as wanting to engage in sexual activity.
b. Abusers perceive that sexual activity does not cause harm and may be beneficial to the child.
c. Abusers perceive that they are entitled to have sex with whomever they want.
d. Abusers express all these thinking patterns/perceptions.
58. People at the highest stages of moral development refrain from crime because they:
a. have outlooks characterized by self-interest.
b. fear punishment.
c. believe the concept of general deterrence.
d. believe in duty to others and universal rights.
59. Some violent offenders have a disturbed character structure commonly referred to as psychopathy,
sociopathy, or antisocial personality. What is known about the psychopathic personality?
a. Children who lack the opportunity to form an attachment to a father figure during the first three years of
life are most likely to develop psychopathic personalities.
b. Children who lack the opportunity to form an attachment to a mother figure during the first three years of
life are most likely to develop psychopathic personalities.
c. Psychopaths are less likely to become chronic offenders than are non–psychopaths.
d. Psychopaths, as a rule, experience an inordinate number of abnormal fears.
60. One of the most widely used psychological tests designed to measure many different personality traits, including
psychopathic deviation, schizophrenia, and hypomania, is known as the:
a. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.
b. Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire.
c. California Personality Inventory.
d. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.
61. A frequently administered personality test used to distinguish deviant from nondeviant groups is the.
a. California Personality Inventory. b. Charleston Character Calculation Examination.
c. Minnesota Personal Inventory Examination. d. Trezpap Deviant Group Inventory.
62. Psychologist Hans Eysneck linked personality to crime when he identified two distinct traits—extroversion–
introversion and
a. stability–instability. b. polar–bipolar.
c. social–antisocial. d. rational–irrational.
63. The antisocial personality concept seems to mesh with what is known about chronic offending. Which percent of
chronic offenders exhibit sociopathic behavior patterns?
a. 20 b. 40
c. 60 d. 80
64. According to the moral and intellectual development branch of cognitive theory, what is wrong with criminals?
a. They have low levels of moral reasoning development.
b. They have overdeveloped ids.
c. They have overstimulation of mental capacities.
d. They have all of the above.
65. Recent research on IQ and crime suggests that low IQ increases the likelihood of criminal behavior through its
effect on:
a. socioeconomic status. b. job skills and employment.
c. school performance. d. parenting skills.
66. Which crime–prevention programs focus on reducing recidivism rates?
a. primary prevention programs b. secondary prevention programs
c. tertiary prevention programs d. reactive prevention programs
67. The work of Cesare Lombroso (the “born criminal”) and his contemporaries is regarded today as a historical
curiosity, not scientific fact.
a. True
b. False
68. Biophobia is the belief that serious consideration should be given to biological factors when attempting to
understand human nature.
a. True
b. False
69. Trait theories can be divided into two major subdivisions: one that stresses psychological functioning and the
other that stresses biological make–up.
a. True
b. False
70. Biosocial theory contends that all humans are born with equal potential to learn and achieve.
a. True
b. False
71. Some trait theorists believe that biochemical conditions, including those that are genetically predetermined and
those acquired through diet and environment, control and influence antisocial behavior.
a. True
b. False
72. Maternal alcohol abuse and smoking during gestation have long been linked to prenatal damage and subsequent
antisocial behavior in adolescence.
a. True
b. False
73. Recent studies suggest that lead ingestion is linked to aggressive behaviors on a national, or macro, level but not
on an individual, or micro, level.
a. True
b. False
74. Estrogen, the most abundant androgen, has been found in higher levels among prisoners who committed violent
crimes than in other prisoners.
a. True
b. False
75. Children suffering from measurable neurological deficits at birth are believed to also suffer from antisocial traits
throughout their life, from habitual lying to violence.
a. True
b. False
76. Children with ADHD are more likely to use drugs, alcohol, and cigarettes in adolescence, to be arrested, to be
charged with a felony, and to have multiple arrests.
a. True
b. False
77. Farrington’s Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development showed evidence that few delinquent youths had
criminal fathers.
a. True
b. False
78. Studies of twins have not produced any evidence to suggest that genetics may be linked to crime.
a. True
b. False
79. Latent delinquency is found in youngsters whose personalities require them to seek immediate gratification, who
consider satisfying their personal needs more important than relating to others, and who satisfy instinctive urges
without considering right and wrong.
a. True
b. False
80. David Berkowitz is a prime example of an individual suffering from psychosis.
a. True
b. False
81. Male offenders seem to have more serious mental health symptoms, including schizophrenia, paranoia, and
obsessive behaviors, than female offenders.
a. True
b. False
82. Albert Bandura is most closely linked to social learning theory.
a. True
b. False
83. Social learning theory is said to be learned through two factors: trustworthiness of parental figures and the media.
a. True
b. False
84. There is limited research depicting a correlation between aggressive parents and children learning to become
aggressive through imitation.
a. True
b. False
85. Moral development theory holds that people who obey the law to avoid punishment instead of viewing it as
beneficial to society are more likely to commit crime.
a. True
b. False
86. Humanistic psychology deals with getting in touch with one‘s feelings.
a. True
b. False
87. Travis Hirschi is responsible for the creation of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory test.
a. True
b. False
88. Secondary crime prevention programs focus on those who are at risk of becoming a criminal.
a. True
b. False
89. Discuss Lombroso’s explanation for criminal behavior and what he contributed to modern criminology.
90. How do contemporary trait theories account for crime and criminality? Include the concept of sociobiology in
your response.
91. Identify the biochemical conditions that may lead to antisocial behavior and crime and why these conditions do
so.
92. Explain how hormones influence behavior and crime. Include in your response how hormones might account for
the aging-out process.
93. Identify the patterns of behavior and symptoms of ADHD and discuss how ADHD is associated with crime.
94. How does violence in the media contribute to aggression in society?
95. Discuss the evidence to suggest that there may be a link between genetics and crime.
96. Explain cheater theory and how it leads to criminality.
97. Explain how Gabriel Tarde may be seen as the pioneer of modern–day social learning theory.
98. Discuss how one’s moral development influences the risk of committing crime.
99. List some of the characteristics associated with antisocial personalities.
100. Discuss the controversy over the association between intelligence and crime.