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CHAPTER 5 - Civil Rights
1. Today, there are approximately __________ unauthorized immigrants living in the United States.
a.
11 million
b.
111 million
c.
200 million
d.
1 million
e.
35 million
2. If the United States deported most of the unauthorized immigrants
a.
the government would need to hire hundreds of thousands of additional immigration officers.
b.
new prisons would need to be built.
c.
expenditures would increase by billions of dollars per year.
d.
other government programs would need to be cut to fund the initiative.
e.
All of the above are true.
3. The impact of illegal immigrant labor on the economy is
a.
positive because the number of the jobs in the economy are not fixed.
b.
positive because immigrants spend money on goods and services.
c.
negative because immigrants require services paid for by taxpayers.
d.
positive because immigrants pay state taxes.
e.
All of the above are true.
4. Which of the following regarding immigration is true?
a.
Today, most immigrants to the United States come from Europe.
b.
Major issues include debate about whether illegal immigrants should be given amnesty and be allowed to
become U.S. citizens.
c.
The number of multi-racial persons has been declining in recent years.
d.
All Hispanics are from Mexico.
e.
Options C and D are true.
5. The term civil rights refers to
a.
the rights of all Americans provided for in the Fourteenth Amendment.
b.
civil liberties such as freedom of religion, speech, or assembly.
c.
what the government must do to ensure freedom from discrimination.
d.
limitations on what the government may not do to interfere with individual liberties.
e.
Options A and C are true.
6. The Thirteenth Amendment
a.
ended slavery, but not involuntary servitude.
b.
provides that all persons born in the United States are citizens of the United States.
c.
does not apply to illegal immigrants.
d.
provides that neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall exist in the United States.
e.
All of the above are true.
7. The Civil Rights Acts passed by Congress between 1865 and1875
a.
were designed to enforce the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments.
b.
implemented the extension of citizenship to anyone born in the United States.
c.
made it illegal to use law or custom to deprive anyone of rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the
Constitution.
d.
declared that everyone is entitled to full and equal enjoyment of public accommodations.
e.
All of the above are true.
8. The Fifteenth Amendment
a.
outlawed slavery.
b.
provided equal protection under the law.
c.
gave eighteen-year-olds the right to vote.
d.
stated that the right to vote shall not be abridged on account of race.
e.
gave women the right to vote.
9. After the Civil War, civil rights legislation was passed by Congress
a.
but much of it was very ineffective and parts were declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.
b.
and it played a major role in creating equality for African Americans.
c.
and was accepted by the American public.
d.
that prevented African Americans from being extended equal public accommodations.
e.
All of the above are true.
10. In Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), the U.S. Supreme Court
a.
ruled that African Americans are not persons for the purposes of the Constitution.
b.
tried to stop the development of legal racial segregation known as Jim Crow laws.
c.
stated that schools may not practice any type of racial segregation.
d.
agreed that separation of races is not a violation of the Constitution.
e.
ruled that the practice of slavery must cease before the end of the century.
11. The white primary in southern states allowed
a.
all races to participate in elections on an equal basis.
b.
whites to exclude African Americans from voting in Democratic primaries.
c.
voters to select ballots for each party based on different skin colors.
d.
African Americans the opportunity to vote for the first time.
e.
whites to exclude African Americans from voting in the general elections.
12. The tests commonly administered as a precondition for voting were called
a.
poll tests.
b.
constitutional exams.
c.
literacy tests.
d.
primary tests.
e.
registration tests.
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CHAPTER 5 - Civil Rights
13. A poll tax was used to
a.
prevent northern immigrants from moving to the South and voting in local elections.
b.
determine who was intelligent enough to vote.
c.
dissuade African Americans and poor whites from voting.
d.
force individuals to buy property in order to be eligible to vote.
e.
raise funds for voter registration among the minority community.
14. In Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954), the U.S. Supreme Court held that
a.
ethnic minorities have no rights to equal treatment by the government.
b.
public school segregation of races violates the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
c.
the national government does not have the power to force any type of action on local school boards.
d.
separation of races for a reason such as education is not a violation of the Constitution.
e.
African Americans could not be denied the right to a college education.
15. De facto segregation means
a.
segregation because of residential racial patterns and concentration of populations, not because of laws.
b.
segregation based on different native languages.
c.
racial segregation based on law.
d.
segregation of southern European immigrants.
e.
segregation to a minor degree.
16. In an attempt to achieve integration
a.
students were sent to the school that was near to where they lived.
b.
busing students across neighborhoods was ordered by the courts.
c.
methods were determined by local committees of parents.
d.
busing was peacefully accomplished in many big cities.
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CHAPTER 5 - Civil Rights
e.
All of the above are true.
17. The civil rights movement led by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was based on the philosophy of
a.
non-violent civil disobedience.
b.
divide and conquer.
c.
“equality for all, through strong force when necessary.”
d.
equality of practice that did not have to exclude racial segregation.
e.
equality “by any means necessary.”
18. The use of __________ was instrumental in bringing about the integration of lunch counters, buses, and trains.
a.
sit-ins
b.
roadblocks at night in rural areas
c.
court injunctions that prohibited interstate travel in areas threatened by violence
d.
the threat of armed force
e.
public demonstrations featuring violence against whites
19. African American leader Malcolm X
a.
supported the group known as the Underground Railroad.
b.
agreed with King’s philosophy of non-violence.
c.
believed in “black power” and racial separation.
d.
believed in the philosophy of “turn the other cheek.”
e.
was one of King’s closest colleagues.
20. All of the following are true of the 1964 and 1968 Civil Rights Acts except
a.
the right to equality of opportunity in employment was included.
b.
discrimination in public accommodations was banned.
c.
state governments to control school integration were allowed.
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CHAPTER 5 - Civil Rights
d.
discrimination in housing was banned.
e.
penalties for those attempting to interfere with civil rights workers were provided.
21. A major consequence of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was
a.
the elimination of discriminatory voter registration tests.
b.
the establishment of federal voter registrars.
c.
the establishment of federally administered voter registration procedures.
d.
limitations on the abilities of counties in the South to change voter registration procedures without federal
approval.
e.
All of the above are true.
22. Laws that potentially interfere with fundamental rights or classify people based on race have to pass which test
employed by the courts?
a.
strict scrutiny
b.
intermediate or exacting scrutiny
c.
rational basis review
d.
the Korematsu test
e.
the de jure discrimination test
23. In order to pass strict scrutiny, a law must do all of the following except
a.
be justified by a compelling government interest.
b.
be narrowly tailored to meet a government interest.
c.
be rationally related to a government interest.
d.
be the least restrictive means to accomplish the goal.
e.
None of the above.
24. The policy in admissions or hiring that gives special consideration to traditionally disadvantaged groups to overcome
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CHAPTER 5 - Civil Rights
the present effects of past discrimination is known as
a.
affirmative action.
b.
legislative mandate.
c.
civil liberties.
d.
civil rights.
e.
the Lincoln dilemma.
25. The charge that some affirmative action programs discriminate against non-minorities is called
a.
racial profiling.
b.
reverse discrimination.
c.
quota-busting.
d.
anti-bias civil rights.
e.
adverse minority preference.
26. Which of the following are among the limitations imposed by the Supreme Court on affirmative action?
a.
Race cannot be used as the sole criterion.
b.
Race cannot be used as a tie-breaker.
c.
A prohibition against the use of preferences or quotas for unqualified persons.
d.
The awarding by universities of points for racial minority status.
e.
All of the above.
27. In the Bakke case, the Supreme Court ruled that
a.
affirmative action programs were allowable in law schools, but not to be utilized in medical schools.
b.
race cannot be the sole factor in admissions decisions.
c.
all affirmative action programs were ruled unconstitutional.
d.
race cannot be considered as a factor at all in making admissions decisions.
e.
quota systems are constitutional.
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CHAPTER 5 - Civil Rights
28. In 2003, the U.S. Supreme Court considered two different admissions policies adopted at the University of Michigan
Law School and
a.
for the first time, ruled that an affirmative action was unconstitutional.
b.
ruled that “diversity” could not be a compelling government interest.
c.
approved affirmative action plans that took race into consideration as part of a complete examination of the
applicant’s background.
d.
approved a plan that automatically awarded points toward admission to minority applicants.
e.
ruled that the time had come for all affirmative action programs to end, since government could do nothing
more to alleviate the effects of past discrimination.
29. A century ago, most immigrants came to the United States from __________, while today most come from
___________.
a.
China; Mexico and Central America
b.
Western Europe; former Soviet states
c.
Asia; Latin America
d.
Europe; Latin American and Asia
e.
Latin America; Eastern Europe
30. Though the civil rights movement focused primarily on the rights of ___________, it had the effect of ____________.
a.
African Americans; benefiting nearly all minority groups
b.
women; benefiting gay Americans as well
c.
Latinos; benefiting African Americans
d.
African Americans; strengthening the disenfranchisement of other racial minorities
e.
women; strengthening the disenfranchisement of gay Americans
31. One thing holding back political participation by Latinos is that
a.
the Civil Rights Act of 1964 only applied to African Americans.
b.
many are immigrants and not yet citizens.
c.
ballots are only available in English.
d.
political parties refuse to address issues important to them.
e.
All of the above.
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CHAPTER 5 - Civil Rights
32. The population of unauthorized immigrants in the United States is
a.
about 500,000 and increasing.
b.
about 1 million and stable.
c.
about 7 million and declining.
d.
about 11 million and stable.
e.
about 32 million and increasing.
33. The American Indian population experienced a _________, largely due to __________.
a.
twentieth-century boom; a sudden decline in group poverty
b.
twentieth-century boom; government programs designed to restore it to prominence
c.
catastrophic collapse; diseases brought over from Europe
d.
catastrophic collapse; war between the various Indian nations
e.
None of the above.
34. Today, there are __________ Native Americans living in the United States.
a.
30 million
b.
13 million
c.
800,000
d.
3.2 million
e.
300 million
35. Compared to other racial minorities, Asian Americans are
a.
better integrated into American society, with higher incomes.
b.
better integrated into American society, but still largely impoverished.
c.
poorly integrated into American society, but economically prosperous.
d.
poorly integrated into American society, and largely impoverished.
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e.
None of the above.
36. All of the following are true of the history of Asian Americans except
a.
they are currently among the poorest racial minority groups.
b.
Chinese Americans were denied citizenship until the late nineteenth century.
c.
Chinese were banned from immigrating to the United States for a sixty-year period.
d.
Japanese were at one time banned from immigrating to the United States.
e.
many Japanese Americans were confined to internment camps during World War II.
37. With regard to disparities between racial groups, which of the following is/are true?
a.
White households have a higher average income than both Hispanic and black households.
b.
White adults are more likely to earn a college degree than black or Hispanic adults.
c.
The recent economic crisis had a larger negative effect on black and Hispanic households than on white
households.
d.
Black and Hispanic adults are less likely to own a home than white adults.
e.
All of the above.
38. Which of the following is true about women’s rights?
a.
The struggle for women’s rights first began in earnest at a convention in Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848.
b.
Women’s voting rights are found in the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution.
c.
Women’s suffrage is the right to equal pay for equal work.
d.
Options A and B are true.
e.
All of the above are true.
39. Feminism is
a.
a movement supported by women but not men in the United States.
b.
the movement that supports political, economic, and social equality for women.
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CHAPTER 5 - Civil Rights
c.
supported by all women in the United States.
d.
a movement that began with the founding of the National Organization for Women (NOW) in 1966.
e.
Options B and D are true.
40. The amending of the Constitution to include an Equal Rights Amendment for women
a.
has never made it through the congressional amendment proposal process.
b.
has passed through Congress, but failed ratification in the states.
c.
was proposed as a part of the Bill of Rights, but failed to be ratified.
d.
was ratified by the states in 1972, after passing through Congress.
e.
is largely seen as unnecessary, now that women's incomes are equal to those of men.
41. In the 1960s and 1970s, women’s groups became divided over issues including
a.
the Equal Rights Amendment.
b.
pornography.
c.
abortion rights.
d.
Options A and C are true.
e.
All of the above are true.
42. Any practice, policy, or procedure that denies equality of treatment to an individual or to a group because of gender
a.
is sexual harassment.
b.
is gender discrimination.
c.
violates Title IV.
d.
violates the Civil Rights Act of 1968.
e.
is considered illegal if engaged in by a private corporation but acceptable if engaged in by the government.
43. Which of the following statements about women’s rights is true?
a.
The Supreme Court has ruled that certain jobs cannot establish arbitrary rules on weight and height
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CHAPTER 5 - Civil Rights
requirements that would keep women out of the professions.
b.
Title IX guaranteed women’s participation in high schools and collegiate athletics.
c.
Women have been allowed to serve as combat pilots.
d.
State-financed military academies cannot exclude women students.
e.
All of the above are true.
44. On the issue of sexual harassment, the Supreme Court has ruled that
a.
employers are not responsible for harassment undertaken by their employees.
b.
individuals cannot be sexually harassed by members of their own gender.
c.
it is considered sexual harassment when words or actions of a sexual nature interfere with the employee’s
work or create a “hostile environment.”
d.
it is not illegal to condition promotions on sexual favors.
e.
laws against sexual harassment violate the First Amendment’s protection of free speech.
45. All of the following are true of women in the workplace today except
a.
the glass ceiling refers to the fact that only a small percentage of the top corporate officer positions are held by
women.
b.
for every dollar earned by men, women earn about 59 cents.
c.
jobs that are traditionally held by women pay more than those traditionally held by men.
d.
pay discrimination is still an issue in the workplace for women.
e.
the Equal Pay Act states that there should be equal pay for equal work.
46. The Equal Pay Act of 1963
a.
requires employers to provide equal pay for substantially equal work.
b.
requires employers to re-grade the pay scales for the comparable but different jobs held by women and men to
make them more equitable.
c.
requires that employers promote more women into managerial positions.
d.
allows for men to be paid more than women with the same job responsibilities if they have families.
e.
All of the above are true.
47. The riot at Stonewall Inn that began the modern movement for equality for gay males and lesbians was sparked by
a.
a raid by police on a bar popular with gay men and lesbians.
b.
a feeling in the gay and lesbian community that the police were targeting them for harassment.
c.
anti-gay protestors who showed up at the bar.
d.
an attempt by a gay couple to hold a marriage ceremony at the bar.
e.
Options A and B are true.
48. The Supreme Court's decision in Bowers v. Hardwick, which _______________, was later overturned in
____________.
a.
upheld a Georgia law against homosexual conduct; Lawrence v. Texas
b.
upheld a Georgia law against homosexual conduct; Griswold v. Connecticut
c.
upheld Georgia's same-sex marriage ban; Lawrence v. Texas
d.
overturned Georgia's same-sex marriage ban; United States v. Windsor
e.
upheld Georgia's application of a poll tax; action by the Georgia state legislature
49. In the 2003 decision of Lawrence v. Texas, the U.S. Supreme Court
a.
upheld a Texas law that made homosexual conduct a crime.
b.
overturned laws against sodomy between consenting adults in private to be unconstitutional.
c.
invalidated anti-discrimination laws that protect homosexuals.
d.
upheld the Court’s previous decision in Bowers v. Hardwick.
e.
indicated that states could declare homosexuality a crime.
50. “Don’t ask, don’t tell,” the policy of requiring gay men and lesbians in the U.S. military to hide their sexual
orientation
a.
is still the policy of the U.S. Department of Defense.
b.
was first implemented during the Clinton administration.
c.
required that enlistees be questioned about their sexual orientation.
d.
did not end expulsion of gay and lesbian military personnel.
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e.
Options B and D are true.
51. The repeal of "don't ask, don't tell" came
a.
into full enforcement in 2011.
b.
as a result of a U.S. District Court ruling.
c.
due to quick action by Congress after the 2008 election.
d.
because of a change in public opinion on the issue.
e.
Options A and D are true.
52. The Defense of Marriage Act of 1996 was passed in response to
a.
a ruling by the Hawaii Supreme Court that might have allowed same-sex couples to marry.
b.
the passage of Vermont’s civil union law.
c.
the legalization of same-sex marriages in Massachusetts.
d.
the Supreme Court’s striking down of anti-sodomy laws in Lawrence v. Texas.
e.
the establishment of civil unions in Minnesota.
53. Since 1999, the number of states allowing same-sex marriages has _________, through actions by _________.
a.
increased; a combination of state and federal courts, state legislatures, and citizen votes
b.
increased; state legislatures alone
c.
increased; federal courts alone
d.
decreased; a combination of state and federal courts
e.
decreased; a combination of state legislatures and federal courts
54. The U.S. Supreme Court has overturned as unconstitutional __________, but has not overturned ___________.
a.
California's ban on same-sex marriages; a federal ban on same-sex marriages
b.
all state bans on same-sex marriages; a federal ban on same-sex marriages
c.
state bans on same-sex civil unions; state bans on same-sex marriages
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d.
a federal ban on the recognition of same-sex marriages; state bans on same-sex marriages
e.
Both A and B.
55. The Supreme Court case, In re Gault, provided that
a.
eighteen-year-olds can be given the right to vote.
b.
children have a constitutional right to counsel.
c.
children have a right to divorce their parents.
d.
children have a right to marry at age seventeen.
e.
children are the property of their parents.
56. The Twenty-Sixth Amendment to the Constitution
a.
effectively established the national voting age at eighteen years.
b.
allowed states to set a voting age between eighteen and twenty-one years.
c.
expanded due process protections to the states.
d.
abolished slavery.
e.
Both C and D.
57. Since the Twenty-Sixth Amendment expanded the right to vote to all citizens over eighteen years, turnout rates among
young voters have
a.
been about the same as older voters.
b.
been much lower than older voters.
c.
been much higher than older voters.
d.
slowly risen from very low to very high.
e.
slowly declined from very high to very low.
58. In cases involving juveniles, courts have
a.
declared minors to have all the same rights as adults.
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CHAPTER 5 - Civil Rights
b.
declared minors to have only the rights that their parents allow them to have.
c.
maintained the right to act in the best interests of minors.
d.
bemoaned their inability to protect the best interests of minors.
e.
None of the above.
59. When reaching the age of majority
a.
a person is entitled to handle one’s own affairs without parental interference.
b.
an individual is not legally liable for contracts signed.
c.
a person may be subject to more serious penalties for crimes committed.
d.
an immigrant is eligible to become an American citizen.
e.
Options A and C are true.
60. The law has given children certain defenses against criminal prosecution because
a.
parents punish children more effectively than the criminal justice system.
b.
of their presumed inability to have criminal intent.
c.
the Constitution does not provide for criminal prosecution of juveniles.
d.
juveniles are too costly to incarcerate.
e.
constitutional protections regarding education shield a number of juvenile behaviors.
61. Describe the significance of the Dred Scott Case and the legal status of slaves in the United States prior to the Civil
War.
62. Explain the significance of the constitutional amendments enacted in the five years following the end of the Civil War.
63. Describe the barriers to voting faced by African Americans after the Civil War.
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CHAPTER 5 - Civil Rights
64. Explain the Supreme Court’s decision in Brown v. Board of Education and the impact it had on education and the new
problems it created.
65. Explain the arguments both for and against affirmative action.
66. Define the concept of strict scrutiny and discuss how and why it is used, making sure to note cases where it has been
used to both help and harm racial minorities.
67. Using the concepts of de jure and de facto discrimination, compare the experiences of two of the following racial
minority groups: African Americans, Latinos, Asian Americans, and American Indians.
68. Explain the consequences of a policy that required the deportation of all unauthorized immigrants.
69. How have courts and legislative bodies at both the federal and the state level attempted to address issues concerning
the rights and status of homosexuals?
70. Discuss the ways in which juvenile interaction with the justice system is different than that of adults, being sure to
note the ways that these differences may at times be a help and also a hindrance to the rights of minors.
