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1. The first scientific studies of criminology that applied the positivist model were conducted by .
2. Sociobiology differs from earlier theories of behavior in that it stresses that biological and genetic conditions
affect how social behaviors are and .
3. Lombroso argued that born criminals had and that their behavior could be explained by
their primitive traits.
4. is a condition that occurs when glucose (sugar) levels in the blood fall below what is necessary for
normal and efficient brain functioning.
5. A number of biosocial theorists believe that abnormal levels of the male sex hormone produce
aggressive behavior and may explain gender differences in the crime rate.
6. Research shows that those who start drinking before 14 are times more likely to become alcoholics.
7. The study of brain activity is termed . Some researchers believe neurological and physical
abnormalities are acquired as early as the fetal or prenatal stage and that they control behavior throughout the life
span.
8. Many children with ADHD also suffer from and continually engage in aggressive and antisocial
behavior in early childhood.
9. It is possible that what appears to be a genetic effect, evidenced in twin research, is actually the effect of sibling
influence on criminality referred to as the .
10. According to , over the history of the human species, aggressive males have had the greatest impact
on the gene pool.
11. The develops as a result of incorporating moral standards and values within the personality.
12. Psychologist John Bowlby believed that the ability to form —that is, emotionally bond to another
person—has important lasting psychological implications that follow people across the life span.
13. is a complex delusional behavior issue resulting in the people thinking that everyone is out to get
them and is marked by depression and or manic depression.
14. A deficit in emotional cognition that prevents people from being aware of their feelings or unable to talk about
their emotions is known as .
15. is a mental state in which the perception of reality is distorted.
16. Television violence increases the of viewers and makes them more prone to act aggressively.
17. focuses on the mental processes and how people perceive and mentally represent the world around
them and solve problems.
18. Psychological behavior theory maintains that human actions are developed through .
19. theorists, notably Albert Bandura, state that people are not born criminals, but instead
develop criminality through interactions and observations.
20. The man, who first applied the concept of moral development to issues in criminology was
.
21. A branch of psychology that stresses self-awareness and getting in touch with feelings is known as
.
22. is a branch of cognitive psychology that focuses on the ways in which people process,
store, and encode information to make decisions.
23. Reasonably stable patterns of behavior, including thoughts or emotions, that distinguish one individual from
another are referred to as .
24. The view that intelligence is largely determined genetically and that low intelligence is linked to criminal behavior
is referred to as .
25. The view that intelligence is not inherited but is largely part of the environment is known as
.
26. The type of crime-control programs called are aimed at helping offenders who have
already been identified.
27. involves employing the scientific method to produce research findings that can validate a theory.
a.
Positivism
b. Classicalism
c. Utilitarianism d. Deontology
28. According to William Sheldon, who believed that criminals manifest distinct physiques, which somatotype was
most likely to become criminal?
a. endomorph b. mesomorph
c. ectomorph d. mendomorph
29. Which criminologist believed that criminals could be identified by observing the physical traits of offenders?
a. Beccaria b. Bentham
c. Lombroso d. Bell
30. Sociobiology differs from earlier theories of behavior in that it stresses that genetic and biological conditions
affect:
a. how cognitive processes develop from birth to
adulthood.
b. how cognitive processes shape socialization and
perception.
c. how social behaviors are perceived. d. how social behaviors are transmitted.
31. Henry Goddard, Richard Dugdale, and Arthur Estabrook were advocates of which school of thought?
a. rational choice b. inheritance school
c. Chicago school d. primitive school
32. The belief that no serious consideration should be given to biological factors when attempting to understand
human nature is known as:
a. choice theory. b. biophobia.
c. nature theory. d. nurture theory.
33. The condition that occurs when glucose levels in the blood fall below what is necessary for normal and efficient
brain functioning is known as:
a. glycemic disorder. b. hypoglycemia.
c. glycogen deficiency. d. glucose intolerance.
34. Which of the following statements pertaining to the link between lead and crime is inaccurate?
a. Lead ingestion is linked to lower IQ scores, a factor linked to aggressive behavior.
b. Criminologists have reported that areas with the highest concentration of lead also reported the highest
levels of homicide.
c. Lead exposure is linked to mental illnesses, which have been linked to antisocial behaviors.
d. The average blood lead level has increased over the past decade.
35. A number of environmental contaminants have been associated with emotional and behavioral disorders. Which
of the following has been linked to aggressive behaviors on both a macro, or national, level and on a micro, or
individual, level?
a. cadmium b. lead
c. copper d. zinc
36. Biosocial theorists have evaluated the association between violent behavior episodes and hormone levels. Their
findings suggest that abnormal levels of which male sex hormones influence the neocortex and have been linked
to aggressive behavior.
a. androgens b. glycogens
c. endorphins d. endogens
37. The onset of the menstrual cycle triggers excessive amounts of female sex hormones, which affect antisocial,
aggressive behavior. This condition is commonly referred to as:
a. premenstrual syndrome. b. paranoia.
c. postpartum depression. d. bipolar disorder.
38. cause an excessive reaction in the brain, whereas affect the nervous system. Both are linked to
mental, emotional, and behavioral problems.
a. Endo-allergies, neuroallergies b. Neuroallergies, cerebral allergies
c. Cerebral allergies, neuroallergies d. Neuroallergies, endo-allergies
39. Androgens affect the brain structure in the left hemisphere of the .
a. neocortex b. frontal lobe
c. temporal lobe d. thought cortex
40. occur(s) when glucose levels in the blood fall below what is necessary for normal and efficient
brain functioning.
a. Conduct disorder b. Hypoglycemia
c. Cerebral allergies d. ADHD
41. The study of brain activity is called:
a. criminology. b. anatomology.
c. coprology. d. neurophysiology.
42. It has been argued that declining levels of which hormone help to explain the aging-out process?
a. estrogen b. serotonin
c. testosterone d. progesterone
43. Neurological deficits may interact with another trait or social condition to produce antisocial behaviors. Research
conducted by Raine found that children who had experienced birth complications and who then experienced
were more likely to engage in criminal offending than children who did not experience these factors.
a. paternal rejection b. maternal rejection
c. bullying at school d. peer pressure
44. Explosive rage disorder is considered an important cause of spouse and child abuse, suicide, aggressiveness,
and motiveless homicide. This disorder is a type of:
a. cerebral allergy. b. minimal brain dysfunction.
c. hormonal imbalance. d. neurotransmitter disorder.
45. A disorder in which a child shows a developmentally inappropriate lack of attention and an excess of impulsivity
is known as:
a. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
b. oppositional defiance disorder.
c. impulse dysfunctional disorder.
d. conduct disorder.
46. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is often accompanied by which disorder?
a. rule disorder b. low testosterone
c. high testosterone d. conduct disorder
47. The notion that some individuals may engage in crime because of the attraction of “getting away with it” is known
as:
a. risk theory. b. arousal theory.
c. thrill-seeking theory. d. conduct disorder.
48. What do studies of monozygatic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins indicate?
a. There is a significantly higher risk for suicidal behavior among MZ twin pairs than among DZ twin pairs.
b. MZ twin pairs who suffer child abuse are more likely to engage in antisocial activity than DZ twin pairs.
c. If one member of a twin pair was delinquent, so was the other, and the effect was greater for MZ twin
pairs.
d. Studies indicate all these findings.
49. Some researches feel that what appears to be a genetic effect, evidenced in twin research, is actually the effect
of sibling influence on criminality. This is referred to as the:
a. twin effect. b. contagion effect.
c. proximity effect. d. immediacy effect.
50. According to Freud, which part of the brain is involved in instant gratification?
a. id b. superego
c. ego d. super id
51. According to Freud, the superego is the aspect of one’s personality.
a. moral b. reality
c. pleasure d. guilt
52. According to Freud, which part of the brain controls impulses and desires for immediate gratification?
a. id b. superego
c. ego d. super id
53. John Bowlby is most closely associated with whch theory?
a.
attachment
b. power-control
c. social learning d. delinquent subculture theory
54. The psychodynamic model of the criminal offender depicts an aggressive, frustrated person dominated by events
that occurred during:
a. the adolescent years. b. the process of socialization.
c. the phallic stage. d. early childhood.
55. The concept used to describe people who have feelings of inadequacy and compensate for them with a drive for
superiority (controlling others) is:
a. inferiority complex. b. power-control complex.
c. ego complex. d. neuroticism.
56. Social learning theory holds that people learn to be aggressive through their life experiences. Which of these is
not a source of this behavior-modeling process?
a. family interaction b. religious affiliation
c. environmental experiences d. mass media
