Exam
Name___________________________________
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1)
Melanocytes and keratinocytes work together in protecting the skin from UV damage when
keratinocytes ________.
1)
A)
accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV–blocking
pigment layer
B)
maintain the appropriate pH in order for the melanocyte to synthesize melanin granules
C)
maintain the appropriate temperature so the product of the melanocyte will not denature
D)
provide the melanocyte with nutrients necessary for melanin synthesis
2)
Water loss through the epidermis could cause a serious threat to health and well–being. Which of
the following protects us against excessive water loss through the skin?
2)
A)
The dermis is the thickest portion of the skin and water cannot pass through it.
B)
The size and shape of the cells that make up the stratum spinosum, as well as the thick
bundles of intermediate filaments.
C)
Fat associated with skin prevents water loss.
D)
Lamellar granules of the cells of the stratum granulosum, a glycolipid that is secreted into
extracellular spaces.
3)
The composition of the secretions of the eccrine glands is ________.
3)
A)
primarily uric acid
B)
fatty substances, proteins, antibodies, and trace amounts of minerals and vitamins
C)
metabolic wastes
D)
99% water, sodium chloride, trace amounts of wastes, and vitamin C
4)
The single most important risk for skin cancer is ________
4)
A)
overexposure to UV radiation
B)
genetics
C)
use of farm chemicals
D)
race
5)
Sudoriferous (sweat) glands are categorized as two distinct types. Which of the following are the
two types of sweat glands?
5)
A)
holocrine and mammary
B)
eccrine and apocrine
C)
sebaceous and merocrine
D)
mammary and ceruminous
6)
Acne is a disorder associated with ________.
6)
A)
sweat glands
B)
ceruminous glands
C)
sebaceous glands
D)
Meibomian glands
7)
The major regions of a hair shaft include all of the following except ________.
7)
A)
cuticle
B)
medulla
C)
cortex
D)
external root sheath
8)
Which of the following cutaneous receptors is specialized for the reception of touch or light
pressure?
8)
A)
Meissner’s corpuscles
B)
Pacinian corpuscles
C)
Krause’s end bulbs
D)
free nerve endings
9)
Which of the following statements indicates the way in which the body’s natural defenses protect
the skin from the effects of UV damage?
9)
A)
The skin is protected by increasing the number of epidermal dendritic cells, which help to
activate the immune system.
B)
Carotene, which accumulates in the stratum corneum and hypodermal adipose tissue, is
synthesized in large amounts in the presence of sunlight.
C)
The skin is protected by the synthesis of three pigments that contribute to the skin’s color.
D)
Prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin dispersion, which in turn acts as a natural
sunscreen.
10)
Despite its apparent durability, the dermis is subject to tearing. How might a person know that the
dermis has been previously stretched and/or torn?
10)
A)
There is an episode of acute pain due to the large number of tactile corpuscles.
B)
The stretching causes the tension lines to disappear.
C)
The appearance of visible, silvery–white scars is an indication of stretching of the dermis.
D)
The blood vessels in the dermis rupture and the blood passes through the tissue, causing
permanent “black–and–blue marks.”
11)
The integumentary system is protected by the action of cells that arise from bone marrow and
migrate to the epidermis. Which of the following cells serve this function?
11)
A)
macrophages called dendritic cells (Langerhans Cell)
B)
keratinocytes, because they are so versatile
C)
cells found in the stratum spinosum
D)
tactile cells
12)
Eyebrow hairs are always shorter than hairs on your head because ________.
12)
A)
they grow much slower
B)
the vascular supply of the eyebrow follicle is one–tenth that of the head hair follicle
C)
hormones in the eyebrow follicle switch the growth off after it has reached a predetermined
length
D)
eyebrow follicles are only active for a few months
13)
The epidermis consists of five layers of cells, each layer with a distinct role to play in the health,
well–being, and functioning of the skin. Which of the following layers is responsible for cell
division and replacement?
13)
A)
stratum lucidum
B)
stratum corneum
C)
stratum granulosum
D)
stratum basale
14)
Changes in the color of skin are often an indication of a homeostatic imbalance. Which of the
following changes would suggest that a patient is suffering from Addison’s disease?
14)
A)
The skin takes on a bronze or metallic appearance.
B)
The skin appears to have an abnormal, yellowish tint.
C)
Black–and–blue marks become evident for no apparent cause.
D)
It is impossible to suggest Addison’s disease from an inspection of a person’s skin.
15)
What is the first threat to life from a massive third–degree burn?
15)
A)
infection
B)
loss of immune function
C)
unbearable pain
D)
catastrophic fluid loss
16)
Select the most correct statement concerning skin cancer.
16)
A)
Squamous cell carcinomas arise from the stratum corneum.
B)
Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing.
C)
Basal cell carcinomas are the least common but most malignant.
D)
Most tumors that arise on the skin are malignant.
17)
________ is an inherited condition that affects the heme pathway; it leaves the skin scarred and
gums degenerated, and may have led to the folklore about vampires.
17)
A)
Decubitus ulcer
B)
Rosacea
C)
Impetigo
D)
Porphyria
18)
A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order?
18)
A)
basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum
B)
corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale
C)
granulosum, basale, spinosum, corneum
D)
basale, spinosum, granulosum, corneum
19)
Which glands produce ear wax?
19)
A)
Apocrine glands
B)
Merocrine glands
C)
Ceruminous glands
D)
Eccrine Glands
20)
Although the integument is a covering, it is by no means simple, and some of its functions include
________.
20)
A)
the dermis providing the major mechanical barrier to chemicals, water, and other external
substances
B)
epidermal blood vessels serving as a blood reservoir
C)
cooling the body by increasing the action of sebaceous glands during high–temperature
conditions
D)
resident macrophage–like cells whose function is to ingest antigenic invaders and present
them to the immune system
21)
The dermis has two major layers. Which layer constitutes 80% of the dermis and is responsible for
the tension lines in the skin?
21)
A)
the hypodermal layer
B)
the subcutaneous layer
C)
the papillary layer
D)
the reticular layer
22)
Burns are devastating and debilitating because of loss of fluids and electrolytes from the body.
How do physicians estimate the extent of burn damage associated with such dangerous fluid loss?
22)
A)
through blood analysis
B)
by using the “rule of nines”
C)
by measuring urinary output and fluid intake
D)
by observing the tissues that are usually moist
23)
Which of the following is a skin sensory receptor for touch?
23)
A)
Pacinian corpuscle
B)
Ruffini body
C)
tactile corpuscle
D)
free nerve ending
24)
The dermis is a strong, flexible connective tissue layer. Which of the following cell types are likely
to be found in the dermis?
24)
A)
fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells
B)
goblet cells, parietal cells, and chondrocytes
C)
osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and epithelial cells
D)
monocytes, reticulocytes, and osteocytes
25)
What is the most important role of the arrector pili muscles in humans?
25)
A)
Help retain heat
B)
Force sebum out of the hair follicle to the skin surface
C)
Defense
D)
Cause the hair follicle to stand erect
26)
Vernix caseosa is a ________.
26)
A)
coat of fine, downy hair on the heads of balding men
B)
cheesy–looking sudoriferous secretion on the skin of newborns
C)
substance contributing to acne during adolescence
D)
whitish material produced by fetal sebaceous glands
27)
The papillary layer of the dermis is connective tissue heavily invested with blood vessels. The
superficial surface has structures called:
27)
A)
hair follicles.
B)
dermal papillae.
C)
reticular papillae.
D)
ceruminous glands.
28)
What are the most important factors influencing hair growth?
28)
A)
sex and hormones
B)
nutrition and hormones
C)
age and glandular products
D)
the size and number of hair follicles
29)
A dendritic or Langerhan cell is a specialized ________.
29)
A)
melanocyte
B)
nerve cell
C)
squamous epithelial cell
D)
phagocytic cell
30)
Apocrine glands, which begin to function at puberty under hormonal influence, seem to play little
role in thermoregulation. Where would we find these glands in the human body?
30)
A)
in all body regions and buried deep in the dermis
B)
in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet
C)
in the axillary and anogenital area
D)
beneath the flexure lines in the body
31)
A splinter penetrated into the skin of the sole of the foot, almost to the papillary region of the
dermis. Which layer of the epidermis would be the final layer injured?
31)
A)
lucidum
B)
granulosum
C)
spinosum
D)
basale
32)
The sebaceous glands are simple alveolar glands that secrete a substance known as sebum. The
secretion of sebum is stimulated ________.
32)
A)
as a protective coating when one is swimming
B)
by hormones, especially androgens
C)
by high temperatures
D)
when the air temperature drops
33)
Which statement correctly explains why hair appears the way it does?
33)
A)
Air bubbles in the hair shaft cause straight hair.
B)
Gray hair is the result of hormonal action altering the chemical composition of melanin.
C)
Kinky hair has flat, ribbonlike hair shafts.
D)
Perfectly round hair shafts result in wavy hair.
34)
The design of a person’s epidermal ridges is determined by the manner in which the papillae rest
upon the dermal ridges to produce the specific pattern known as handprints, footprints, and
fingerprints. Which of the following statements is true regarding these prints or ridges?
34)
A)
They are genetically determined, therefore unique to each person.
B)
Every human being has the same pattern of ridges.
C)
Identical twins do not have the same pattern of ridges.
D)
Because we are constantly shedding epithelial cells, these ridges are changing daily.
35)
Which type of skin cancer appears as a scaly reddened papule and tends to grow rapidly and
metastasize?
35)
A)
Basal cell carcinoma
B)
Adenoma
C)
Squamous cell carcinoma
D)
Melanoma
36)
The reason the hypodermis acts as a shock absorber is that ________.
36)
A)
the cells that make up the hypodermis secrete a protective mucus
B)
it has no delicate nerve endings and can therefore absorb more shock
C)
the major part of its makeup is adipose, which serves as an effective shock absorber
D)
it is located just below the epidermis and protects the dermis from shock
37)
Which of the following cells and their functions are correctly matched?
37)
A)
Tactile cells — protection
B)
Dendritic cells — activate the immune system
C)
Melanocytes — protects cells in the stratum corneum from damaging effects of sun’s rays
D)
Keratinocytes — provide sense of touch and pressure
38)
The function of the root hair plexus is to ________.
38)
A)
serve as a source for new epidermal cells for hair growth after the resting stage has passed
B)
cause apocrine gland secretion into the hair follicle
C)
bind the hair root to the dermis
D)
allow the hair to assist in touch sensation
39)
In addition to protection (physical and chemical barrier), the skin serves other functions. Which of
the following is another vital function of the skin?
39)
A)
It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium
metabolism.
B)
It absorbs vitamin C so that the skin will not be subject to diseases.
C)
It aids in the transport of materials throughout the body.
D)
The cells of the epidermis store glucose as glycogen for energy.
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
40)
Name the four kinds of sudoriferous glands and give their locations.
40)
Figure 5.2
Using Figure 5.2, match the following:
41)
Hypodermis
41)
42)
Why are the apocrine sweat glands fairly unimportant in thermal regulation?
42)
43)
The white crescent portion of the nail is called the ________.
43)
Figure 5.2
Using Figure 5.2, match the following:
44)
Papillary layer of the dermis
44)
45)
Reticular layer of the dermis
45)
Figure 5.1
Using Figure 5.1, match the following:
46)
Sudoriferous gland.
46)
47)
Why should incisions be made parallel to cleavage lines produced by collagen fiber
bundles rather than perpendicular to the lines?
47)
Figure 5.1
Using Figure 5.1, match the following:
48)
Where capillary loops are found.
48)
49)
What are vellus hairs?
49)
Figure 5.1
Using Figure 5.1, match the following:
50)
Dense irregularly arranged, fibrous connective tissue.
50)
51)
Billions of consumer dollars are spent for deodorants and antiperspirants each year.
Explain the production of body odors frequently associated with axillary skin.
51)
52)
The coarse hair of the eyebrows and scalp is called ________ hair.
52)
53)
What is the function of skin dermal folds and deep skin creases?
53)
Figure 5.2
Using Figure 5.2, match the following:
54)
Epidermis
54)
55)
Name the layers of the epidermis in order from the surface down.
55)