CHAPTER 5—THE CELL: AN OVERVIEW
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The first observed cells were from ____.
a.
cork
b.
a maple leaf
c.
human skin
d.
pollen
e.
bacteria
2. The individual credited with first observing the cell nucleus was ____.
a.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
b.
Robert Brown
c.
Matthias Schleiden
d.
Theodor Schwann
e.
Rudolf Virchow
3. Which early scientist proposed that cells arise only from preexisting cells by a process of division?
a.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
b.
Robert Brown
c.
Matthias Schleiden
d.
Theodor Schwann
e.
Rudolf Virchow
4. The most commonly used unit for measuring cell size is a ____.
a.
decimeter (dm)
b.
centimeter (cm)
c.
millimeter (mm)
d.
micrometer (m)
e.
nanometer (nm)
5. A human egg is approximately 100 m in size. This would equal to ____ mm.
a.
0.10
b.
10.0
c.
0.010
d.
0.0010
e.
1.0
6. ____ magnifies light passing directly through a specimen. Staining with a dye is typically used to
enhance contrast and visualization of cellular structures.
a.
Confocal laser scanning microscopy
b.
Phase-contrast microscopy
c.
Bright field microscopy
d.
Scanning electron microscopy
e.
Fluorescence microscopy
7. The cell’s hereditary information is stored in ____.
a.
DNA
b.
protein
c.
RNA
d.
glucose
e.
amino acids
8. The ____ regulates the movement of molecules in and out of the cell.
a.
nucleus
b.
cytoplasm
c.
cystol
d.
plasma membrane
e.
DNA
9. Which one of the following is NOT found in prokaryotic cells?
a.
nucleus
b.
ribosomes
c.
plasma membrane
d.
cell wall
e.
DNA
10. Organisms in which one of the following groups are found in the greatest abundance on the Earth’s
surface?
a.
Prokaryotes
b.
Protists
c.
Fungi
d.
Plants
e.
Animals
11. Which of the following information led scientists to believe that archaeans belong to their own distinct
domain?
a.
They have a cell wall synthesized from a unique carbohydrate.
b.
The genetic material of archaeans is RNA, not DNA.
c.
Many archaeans live in extreme environments tolerated by no other organisms.
d.
Archaeans do not utilize ATP to do cellular work.
e.
Archaeans have unique cellular structures not found in either eukaryotic or prokaryotic
cells.
12. Genetically, Methanococcus is most closely related to ____.
a.
bacteria
b.
fungi
c.
plants
d.
both bacterial and eukaryotic cells, although not closely related to either.
e.
animals
13. Which one of the following groups does not belong to the domain of the eukaryotes?
a.
Fungi
b.
Protists
c.
Bacteria
d.
Animals
e.
Plants
14. Chromatin consists of ____.
a.
only DNA
b.
DNA and RNA
c.
RNA only
d.
DNA and associated proteins
e.
proteins only in the nucleus
15. All of the following are functions of proteins embedded in the plasma membrane EXCEPT ____.
a.
transport of substances in and out of the cell
b.
generation of ATP
c.
recognition of signal molecules
d.
adherence to molecules on the surface of other cells
e.
recognition of “like” cells
16. A network of protein filaments called ____ lines and reinforces the inner surface of the nuclear
envelope in animal cells.
a.
actins
b.
chromatins
c.
lamins
d.
tubulins
e.
lamellae
17. The eukaryotic chromosome is composed of ____.
a.
DNA only
b.
RNA only
c.
DNA and carbohydrate
d.
DNA and protein
e.
RNA and protein
18. The semiliquid substance within the nucleus is called ____.
a.
nucleoplasm
b.
nuclear gel
c.
cytoplasm
d.
chromatin
e.
protoplasm
19. The nucleoli are found within the nucleus and synthesize ____.
a.
chromatin
b.
mRNA
c.
ribosomal subunits
d.
genes
e.
proteins
20. Cells that are making large quantities of proteins will have numerous
a.
centrioles.
b.
chromosomes.
c.
cilia.
d.
plastids.
e.
ribosomes.
21. The ____ is not a part of the endomembrane system.
a.
endoplasmic reticulum
b.
Golgi complex
c.
lysosome
d.
nucleolus
e.
nuclear envelope
22. The ____ is/are involved in the synthesis of lipids.
a.
rough endoplasmic reticulum
b.
Golgi complex
c.
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
d.
ribosomes
e.
nucleoli
23. The Golgi complex ____.
a.
receives proteins made in the rough ER and chemically modifies them
b.
synthesizes proteins for export from the cell
c.
stores nucleic acids
d.
synthesizes lipids
e.
stores ribosomes
24. Which one of the following cellular components is NOT directly involved in synthesis or secretion of
molecules in the cell?
a.
ribosomes
b.
lysosome
c.
rough endoplasmic reticulum
d.
Golgi complex
e.
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
25. Cells active in secreting enzymes would likely exhibit a greater amount of ____ than other cells.
a.
exocytosis
b.
osmosis
c.
endocytosis
d.
receptor proteins
e.
plasma membrane
26. Molecules brought into the cell from the exterior are placed into vesicles for routing to other locations
such as ____.
a.
the nucleus
b.
lysosomes
c.
mitochondria
d.
ribosomes
e.
cholorplasts
27. At one point in human development, tissue connects the fingers and the hand, giving the hand a
“webbed” appearance. Enzymes eventually destroy the cells of the webbing and the fingers separate.
These enzymes are probably liberated from the
a.
chormosomes.
b.
smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
c.
lysosomes.
d.
nucleus.
e.
vacuoles.
28. Lysosomes function best at a pH of ____.
a.
7.4
b.
6.5
c.
3.2
d.
5.0
e.
8.2
29. The ____ contains hydrolytic enzymes for the digestion of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and
polysaccharides.
a.
Golgi complex
b.
rough endoplasmic reticulum
c.
nucleus
d.
peroxisome
e.
lysosome
30. Select the correct path a protein synthesized on a ribosome attached to the rough ER would follow in
the endomembrane system.
a.
rough ER → smooth ER → Golgi complex → plasma membrane
b.
rough ER → Golgi complex → vesicle → plasma membrane
c.
rough ER → vesicle → lysosome → plasma membrane
d.
rough ER → vesicle → smooth ER → plasma membrane
e.
rough ER → smooth ER → lysosome → plasma membrane
31. Cellular respiration occurs in the ____.
a.
lysosomes
b.
chloroplasts
c.
mitochondria
d.
peroxisomes
e.
Golgi complex
32. Cellular respiration is the process by which ____ and ____ are converted to water and carbon dioxide
during the formation of cellular energy.
a.
CO2; glucose
b.
CO2; fats
c.
O2; CO2
d.
O2; glucose
e.
ATP; O2
33. The interior surface area of mitochondria is greatly increased by ____.
a.
cristae
b.
the matrix
c.
centrioles
d.
nucleoli
e.
microfilaments
34. Organelles that contain DNA include
a.
mitochondria.
b.
chloroplasts.
c.
ribosomes.
d.
lysosomes.
e.
mitochondria and chloroplasts.
35. Scientists believe that mitochondria may have evolved from ancient bacteria because ____.
a.
both are surrounded by a cell wall
b.
both have their own DNA and ribosomes
c.
the shapes and size of both are exactly the same
d.
both have cristae to increase surface area
e.
both have five chromosomes
36. Cytoskeletal elements are assembled from ____.
a.
proteins
b.
phospholipids
c.
glycogen
d.
nucleotides
e.
triglycerides
37. Microfilaments are assembled from the protein ____.
a.
keratin
b.
myosin
c.
laminin
d.
actin
e.
tubulin
38. Microtubules are assembled from the protein ____.
a.
keratin
b.
myosin
c.
laminin
d.
actin
e.
tubulin
39. ____ radiate from the center of the cell and anchor the ER, Golgi complex, lysosomes, and secretory
vesicles in place.
a.
Microfilaments
b.
Microtubules
c.
Laminins
d.
Actins
e.
Cytokeratins
40. A bundle of ____ extends from the base to the tip of a flagellum or cilium.
a.
microtubules
b.
microfilaments
c.
actin
d.
cytokeratin
e.
intermediate filaments
41. Cilia and flagella arise from which of the following cellular components?
a.
nucleus
b.
Golgi complex
c.
centrioles
d.
chromosomes
e.
nucleolus
42. The 9 + 2 complex refers to ____.
a.
flagella
b.
Golgi complex
c.
ribosomes
d.
cilia
e.
both flagella and cilia
43. The principal structural components of cilia and flagella are
a.
actin microfilaments.
b.
myosin microfilaments.
c.
intermediate filaments.
d.
microtubules.
e.
collagen fibers.
44. Chloroplasts share many similarities with which one of the following organelles?
a.
mitochondria
b.
rough endoplasmic reticulum
c.
nucleus
d.
Golgi complex
e.
lysosome
45. Chloroplasts are the site of ____.
a.
DNA synthesis
b.
cellular digestion
c.
protein synthesis
d.
photosynthesis
e.
lipid synthesis
46. Chloroplasts utilize light energy to make ____.
a.
carbohydrates
b.
fats
c.
proteins
d.
nucleic acids
e.
steroids
47. ____ store starch in plants.
a.
Chloroplasts
b.
Amyloplasts
c.
Chromoplasts
d.
Vacuoles
e.
Leucoplasts
48. Grana and thylakoids are structural components found in ____.
a.
nucleoli
b.
mitochondria
c.
ribosomes
d.
chromoplasts
e.
chloroplasts
49. In a mature plant cell, ____ may occupy more than 90% of a mature plant cell’s volume.
a.
the nucleus
b.
chromoplasts
c.
rough endoplasmic reticulum
d.
the central vacuole
e.
chloroplasts
50. The membrane that surrounds the central vacuole is the ____.
a.
chloroplast
b.
tonoplast
c.
chromoplast
d.
amyloplast
e.
ionoplast
51. Cell walls are found in ____.
a.
animal cells only
b.
plant cells only
c.
fungal cells only
d.
plant and fungal cells
e.
animal and plant cells
52. In plant cells, the ____ provides cellular support and protects cells from pathogens.
a.
cytoplasm
b.
cell membrane
c.
cytoskeleton
d.
plasmodesmata
e.
cell wall
53. The cell wall of plants is composed primarily of cellulose, which is a network of highly branched
____.
a.
carbohydrates
b.
nucleic acids
c.
proteins
d.
steroids
e.
phospholipids
54. The walls of adjacent plant cells are held together by the ____.
a.
secondary cell wall
b.
cell membrane
c.
primary cell wall
d.
middle lamella
e.
plasmodesmata
55. The correct sequence of plant cell wall layers, beginning with the outermost layer and progressing
inward to the plasma membrane is ____.
a.
secondary cell wall, middle lamella, primary cell wall
b.
middle lamella, primary cell wall, secondary cell wall
c.
middle lamella, secondary cell wall, primary cell wall
d.
secondary cell wall, primary cell wall, middle lamella
e.
primary cell wall, middle lamella, primary cell wall
56. Plant cells permit ions and small molecules to move between adjacent cells by means of cytoplasmic
channels in their cell walls. These channels are called
a.
gap junctions.
b.
plasmodesmata.
c.
desmosomes.
d.
cell junctions.
e.
tonoplasts.
57. Over time, cancerous cells typically lose the cell adhesion molecules embedded in their plasma
membrane. Loss of these molecules is best associated with which of the following traits of cancer
cells?
a.
increased rate of cell division
b.
production of new proteins
c.
angiogenesis
d.
migration to new locations in the body
e.
loss of chromosomes
58. In normal cells, cell adhesion molecules are partially responsible for the ability of cells to ____.
a.
migrate to new locations in the body
b.
recognize other cells as “self”
c.
exocytosis
d.
both migrate to new locations in the body and recognize other cells as “self”
e.
recognize linkages between cells in muscle and bone
59. Desmosomes are a type of ____.
a.
anchoring junction
b.
cell adhesion molecule
c.
tight junction
d.
intermediate filament
e.
gap junction
60. Tight junctions ____.
a.
seal the spaces between cells
b.
allow ions and small molecules to pass between cells
c.
allow cells to communicate with each other
d.
give the cell its shape
e.
anchor the cell membrane to the cell wall
61. Gap junctions ____.
a.
seal the spaces between cells
b.
allow ions and small molecules to pass between cells
c.
allow plant cells to communicate with each other
d.
give the cell its shape
e.
anchor the cell membrane to the cell wall
62. ____ in heart muscle tissue allows for communication between the cells resulting in the coordinated
beating of the heart.
a.
Tight junctions
b.
Desmosomes
c.
Adherens junctions
d.
Anchoring junctions
e.
Gap junctions
63. The main components of the extracellular matrix are ____.
a.
glycolipids
b.
phospholipids
c.
glycoproteins
d.
cellulose
e.
glucose
64. One way to examine the assembly and organization of the actin cytoskeleton in animals is to examine
____.
a.
animal cells in culture
b.
extracellular actin movement in bacterial pathogens
c.
intracellular actin movement in bacterial pathogens
d.
extracellular actin movement in viral pathogens
e.
intracellular actin movement in viral pathogens
65. System cell biologists often work with _______ to develop models of cellular processes that can be
refined by experimental validation.
a.
molecular biologists
b.
reduction scientists
c.
the membrane
d.
mathmaticians
e.
mathmaticians and computer scientists
66. Which one of the following characteristics is NOT true for all living cells?
a.
All cells are derived from preexisting cells.
b.
All cells contain a nucleus.
c.
All cells utilize organic fuel molecules as energy sources for their activities.
d.
All cells respond to outside stimulation.
e.
All cells possess a plasma membrane.
67. What do mitochondria and chloroplasts have in common?
a.
both are found in plants cells
b.
both contain chlorophyll
c.
DNA is present in both
d.
ribosomes are present in both
e.
both are found in plants cells, and DNA and ribosomes are present in both
68. Which of the following pairs is mismatched?
a.
microfilaments : actin
b.
cell membrane : phospholipid bilayer
c.
plant cell wall : cellulose
d.
chromosome : DNA
e.
intermediate filaments : tubulin
Select the Exception
69. Activities that occur in the cytoplasm include all of the following EXCEPT ____.
a.
conduction of stimulatory signals
b.
photosynthesis
c.
synthesis of DNA
d.
protein synthesis
e.
various metabolic reactions