Use the figure above for the following question(s).
59. The gray matter that surrounds cells 3, 4, 5 and 6 indicates the
a.
primordial germ cell.
b.
spermatogonium.
c.
Leydig cell.
d.
Sertoli cell.
e.
Ballack cell.
60. Label 1 indicates the
a.
matrix of the seminiferous tubule.
b.
lumen of the seminiferous tubule.
c.
epididymis.
d.
vas deferens.
e.
penis.
61. The primary spermatocyte is cell number
a.
2.
b.
3.
c.
4.
d.
5.
e.
6.
62. The spermatid is cell number
a.
2.
b.
3.
c.
4.
d.
5.
e.
6.
63. The secondary spermatocyte is cell number
a.
2.
b.
3.
c.
4.
d.
5.
e.
6.
64. The spermatogonium is cell number
a.
2.
b.
3.
c.
4.
d.
5.
e.
6.
65. Which cell(s) is(are) diploid?
a.
4
b.
5
c.
6
d.
5 and 6 only
e.
4, 5, and 6
66. Meiosis II results in the formation of cell number
a.
2.
b.
3.
c.
4.
d.
5.
e.
4.
67. In a human male, how many total chromatids are present in cell number 4?
a.
2
b.
4
c.
23
d.
46
e.
92
68. Which of the following combinations is/are required for the secretion of testosterone?
a.
GnRH only
b.
LH only
c.
Sertoli cells only
d.
GnRH and LH only
e.
GnRH, LH, and Sertoli cells
69. The presence of ____ in urine indicates a pregnancy.
a.
estrogen
b.
progesterone
c.
human chorionic gonadotropin
d.
follicle-stimulating hormone
e.
luteinizing hormone
70. What percent of couples in the U.S. are infertile?
a.
1-5%
b.
10-15%
c.
20-25%
d.
50-55%
e.
70-75%
71. Marc Spehr and his colleagues demonstrated which of the following?
a.
Sperm cannot detect and swim toward attractant molecules.
b.
Sperm attraction can be stimulated by chemicals.
c.
Eggs release chemicals that attract sperm.
d.
Sperm can detect and swim toward attractant molecules, and sperm attraction can be
inhibited by chemicals.
e.
Sperm can release chemicals that kill other sperm
72. Which of the following contraception techniques consists of avoiding intercourse during the time of
the month when the egg can be fertilized?
a.
withdrawal
b.
tubal ligation
c.
dilation and evacuation
d.
rhythm method
e.
time of the month method
73. The oral contraceptive pill contains
a.
estrogen only.
b.
estrogen and progesterone.
c.
estrogen and follicle-stimulating hormone.
d.
follicle-stimulating hormone and progesterone.
e.
estrogen, progesterone, and follicle-stimulating hormone.
74. The “pill” works primarily by
a.
blocking sperm from entering the uterus.
b.
causing spontaneous abortions.
c.
inhibiting the release of FSH and LH.
d.
preventing implantation of the embryo.
e.
stimulating the release of GnRH.
75. The type of contraception technique that prevents implantation (even after successful fertilization) is
a.
tubal ligation.
b.
spermicidal jelly.
c.
birth control pills.
d.
intrauterine device.
e.
a diaphragm.
76. The drug mifepristone (RU-486) is a contraceptive that
a.
blocks passage of sperm through the male reproductive tract.
b.
blocks passage of sperm through the female reproductive tract.
c.
prevents ovulation.
d.
causes shedding of the endometrial lining and the implanted embryo by initiating a
menstrual period.
e.
prevents implantation by blocking estrogen receptors in the uterus.
77. Which of the following methods is the most effective as birth control?
a.
condoms
b.
diaphragms
c.
abstinence
d.
oral contraceptives
e.
vasectomy
78. How are acrosomal proteins released?
a.
The most soluble acrosomal proteins are
released first; bound acrosomal proteins
are released second
d.
Acrosomal proteins are released after the
zona pellucida is penetrated
b.
Bound acrosomal proteins are released
first; soluble acrosomal proteins are
released second
e.
Sperm begin the acrosomal reaction after
reaction with the zona pellucida
c.
Acrosomal proteins are released in one
phase
79. The major difference between the human male and female reproductive systems is the
a.
provision of a site for fertilization and embryo development in the female.
b.
production of haploid gametes only by the male.
c.
diploid polar bodies of the female.
d.
generation of millions of eggs but only thousands of sperm each month.
e.
presence of a duct system opening to the body’s exterior only in females.
80. Vasectomy causes sterility because
a.
sperm is no longer be produced.
b.
sperm no longer leave the testis.
c.
sperm no longer reach the vas deferens.
d.
sperm no longer reach the urethra.
e.
semen is no longer produced.
81. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of asexual reproduction?
a.
In stable environments, the offspring are as well adapted as the parents.
b.
Individual organisms do not have to seek mates.
c.
It is less energetically costly than sexual reproduction.
d.
It promotes genetic diversity.
e.
It is faster than sexual reproduction.
82. Semen contains all of the following EXCEPT
a.
about 5 percent sperm by volume.
b.
a fast-acting clotting enzyme.
c.
a slow-acting enzyme that breaks down the semen clot.
d.
a substance that decreases the pH in the female reproductive tract.
e.
a substance that triggers contraction of muscles in the female reproductive tract.
83. In mammalian females, which of the following is NOT essential for reproduction?
a.
ovary
b.
oviduct
c.
uterus
d.
vagina
e.
urethra
84. All of the following animals have placentas EXCEPT
a.
kangaroos.
b.
opposums.
c.
echidnas.
d.
koalas.
e.
wombats.
85. All of the following contraception techniques are aimed at preventing fertilization EXCEPT
a.
withdrawal.
b.
intrauterine device.
c.
vasectomy.
d.
rhythm method.
e.
tubal ligation.
996
MATCHING
Match each hormone with its correct description.
a.
Triggers ovulation
b.
Stimulates Sertoli cells
c.
Secreted by the developing embryo; maintains function of the corpus luteum
d.
Induces contraction of the uterus
e.
Stimulates growth of the endometrium
f.
Secreted by Sertoli cells and the corpus luteum
g.
Secreted by the hypothalamus
h.
Secreted by follicular cells
i.
Secreted by the corpus luteum even after it regresses later in pregnancy; blocks uterine
contractions until time of birth is near
j.
Secreted by Leydig cells
86. estrogen
87. follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
88. gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
89. human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
90. inhibin
91. luteinizing hormone (LH)
92. oxytocin
93. progesterone
94. relaxin
95. testosterone
Labeling
Identify each labeled part of the following illustration.
96. seminal vesicle
97. rectum
98. bulbourethral gland
99. epididymus
100. testis
101. urinary bladder
102. urethra
103. scrotum
104. prostate gland
105. vas deferens
SHORT ANSWER
106. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of asexual and sexual reproduction.
107. What is the significance of the acrosomal and cortical reaction?
108. List some of the environmental factors that are potentially associated with male and female infertility?
109. What are the least and most effective methods for preventing pregnancy?
MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE
If the statement is true, write a “T” in the blank. If the statement is false, make it correct by changing
the underlined words(s) and writing the correct word(s) in the answer blank.
110. The cnidarian Hydra reproduces asexually by fragmentation.
111. All mammals except the metatherians are viviparous.
112. The slow block to polyspermy occurs when polar bodies discharge their contents, thereby altering the
egg coats.
113. The thin flap of tissue that covers the opening of the vagina is called the hymen.
114. The uterine cycle is also called the ovarian cycle.
115. After ovulation, the remaining follicle cells develop into the corpus luteum.
116. After fertilization, the sperm that enters the egg releases nitric oxide, which stimulates the release of
stored calcium ions in the egg.
117. The egg is fertilized at the secondary oocyte stage.
118. Menstruation begins immediately after the follicular phase.
119. The female sexual response has a refractory period.
120. In human males, the conversion of a spermatogonium into a sperm takes about 9 to 10 weeks.
121. Progesterone is produced in the pituitary and acts directly on the uterus.
122. The intrauterine device is a cuplike rubber device that blocks the cervix in females.
ESSAY
123. Compare and contrast the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis.
124. Explain the roles of the hormones GnRH, FSH, and LH, in the male and female reproductive systems.