Chapter 48 – The Respiratory System
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• Apply level:
Chapter 48 – The Respiratory System
21. When is the PO2 an especially strong stimulant of the respiratory control center in the brain
of healthy individuals?
22. Which blood vessels carry oxygenated blood?
23. What is the likely outcome if you were able to force water through fish gills in the
opposite direction to how it normally flows over the gills?
Chapter 48 – The Respiratory System
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Chapter 48 – The Respiratory System
24. What change would increase the rate of oxygen diffusing from lung alveoli into the
blood?
Chapter 48 – The Respiratory System
48–25
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from the alveoli.
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process break down or lead you astray? How can you revise your approach to produce a
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Chapter 48 – The Respiratory System
48–26
25. One possible reason that there are not any really large insects currently living on Earth is
that
Chapter 48 – The Respiratory System
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Chapter 48 – The Respiratory System
26. During your dissection of a fish, what structure would you have to remove to see the
gills?
27. In the countercurrent exchange in a fish’s gills, the oxygen concentration is always
_______ in the water than the blood along the entire pathway of each lamella.
28. Which of these animals uses positive pressure breathing?
Chapter 48 – The Respiratory System
29. Which group of animals has one-way flow of air through its lungs, whereas all the others
have tidal flow?
30. During an asthma attack, allergens trigger the release of histamine, which causes severe
constriction of the __________________.
31. The gas exchange surfaces in a mammalian lung are organized into structures that look
like clusters of hollow grapes. The hollow, grape-like structures are the________________.
Chapter 48 – The Respiratory System
32. The respiratory systems of fish and birds are similar in that both______________.
33. A major genetic cause of emphysema is deficiency of the protein alpha-1 anti-trypsin
(AAT). AAT is an enzyme that inhibits the activity of another protein. What protein is most
likely the normally-inhibited target of AAT?
Chapter 48 – The Respiratory System
48–31
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• This question is asking about the conditions that result in emphysema.
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Chapter 48 – The Respiratory System
48–32
34. In the future, it may be possible to screen for a number of different types of cancer by a
simple blood test. If a blood test indicates a very early stage of lung cancer, where is the most
likely place that the tumor will be growing?
35. Tom is choking on a piece of steak that is stuck in his trachea, and he signals for his
young son to call 911. It takes the paramedics four minutes to reach his house. Will this be in
time to save Tom (and why), or will Tom already be dead (and why)?
Chapter 48 – The Respiratory System
48–33
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Chapter 48 – The Respiratory System
36. Which dissolved gas cannot be transported by hemoglobin?
37. The primary advantage of gills versus the body surface for gas exchange in aquatic
animals is that ________.