Chapter 48 – The Respiratory System
38. What respiratory adaptation was important for the invasion of land by arthropods?
39. Humans cannot survive long at altitudes greater than 6000 m because ________.
40. Soft-shelled turtles can remain submerged underwater for several hours without
ventilating their lungs because ______.
Chapter 48 – The Respiratory System
41. Major evolutionary changes have resulted in anatomical and physiological
adaptations that optimize the rate of gas exchange in animals by each of these factors except
________.
42. Most phyla of aquatic invertebrates have improved the rate of gas exchange by creating a
water current over their respiratory surfaces, thereby _____.
43. The large number of alveoli in lungs improve gas exchange by _____.
Chapter 48 – The Respiratory System
48–37
44. The many lamellae in the gills of fish improve respiratory efficiency by ______.
45. The close proximity of capillaries to the alveoli in lungs improve respiratory efficiency
by ______.
46. The North American pronghorn antelope can run almost as fast as a cheetah, but unlike
the cheetah, can also sustain speeds of 30-40 mph for miles. The pronghorn is about the size
of a large, domestic goat. You would predict the antelope to have a _____ than the goat.
Chapter 48 – The Respiratory System
48–38
Clarify Question
What is the key concept addressed by the question?
What type of thinking is required?
Gather Content
What do you already know about oxygen use? What other information is related to the
question?
Choose Answer
Given what you now know, what information is most likely to produce the correct
answer?
Reflect on Process
Did your problem-solving process lead you to the correct answer? If not, where did the
process break down or lead you astray? How can you revise your approach to produce a
more desirable result?
Chapter 48 – The Respiratory System
47. If each human lung contains about 300 million alveoli with a summed total surface area
for gas exchange of 40 square meters, what is the approximate surface area of a single
alveolus?
Chapter 48 – The Respiratory System
Clarify Question
What is the key concept addressed by the question?
What type of thinking is required?
Gather Content
What do you already know about alveoli? What other information is related to the
question?
Choose Answer
Given what you now know, what information is most likely to produce the correct answer?
Reflect on Process
Did your problem-solving process lead you to the correct answer? If not, where did the
process break down or lead you astray? How can you revise your approach to produce a
more desirable result?
Chapter 48 – The Respiratory System
48. What is the order of structures or spaces that a surgeon will pass through to operate on a
human lung?
Chapter 48 – The Respiratory System
48–42
Clarify Question
What is the key concept addressed by the question?
What type of thinking is required?
Gather Content
What do you already know about the lungs? What other information is related to the
question?
Choose Answer
Given what you now know, what information is most likely to produce the correct answer?
Reflect on Process
Did your problem-solving process lead you to the correct answer? If not, where did the
process break down or lead you astray? How can you revise your approach to produce a
more desirable result?
Chapter 48 – The Respiratory System
49. During exhalation, the diaphragm _______.
50. Which part of a hemoglobin molecule binds to a molecule of O2?
51. In which PO2 environment would hemoglobin most easily release its O2?
Chapter 48 – The Respiratory System
48–44
Clarify Question
What is the key concept addressed by the question?
What type of thinking is required?
Gather Content
What do you already know about oxygen levels? What other information is related to the
question?
Choose Answer
Given what you now know, what information is most likely to produce the correct answer?
Reflect on Process
Did your problem-solving process lead you to the correct answer? If not, where did the
process break down or lead you astray? How can you revise your approach to produce a
more desirable result?
Chapter 48 – The Respiratory System
52. During exercise, the blood returning to a person’s heart contains hemoglobin that is about
______ saturated.
53. Every winter, many individuals tragically die in their sleep due to faulty heaters that leak
carbon monoxide (CO) during the night. How does CO poisoning lead to death?
Chapter 48 – The Respiratory System
54. Protruding papulae on the surface of echinoderms improve respiratory efficiency by
______.
55. The axolotl, an aquatic amphibian, uses ______ for gas exchange.
56. Ram ventilation is used by _____ during respiration.
Chapter 48 – The Respiratory System
57. Air enters human lungs from the mouth by passing through the ________.