51. The filtration rate at the Bowman’s capsule is kept constant in response to small variations in blood
pressure by the actions of
a.
the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
b.
osmoreceptors.
c.
atrial natriuretic factor.
d.
the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
e.
antidiuretic hormone.
52. Which of the following is secreted by cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus in response to a
significant drop in blood pressure or blood volume?
a.
atrial natriuretic factor
b.
renin
c.
aldosterone
d.
antidiuretic hormone
e.
angiotensin
53. Which of the following is a hormone produced in the adrenal cortex that increases Na+ reabsorption in
the kidneys?
a.
atrial natriuretic factor
b.
renin
c.
aldosterone
d.
antidiuretic hormone
e.
angiotensin
54. Which of the following, produced from a blood protein as part of the chain of events in response to a
significant drop in blood pressure, quickly raises blood pressure by constricting many arterioles?
a.
atrial natriuretic factor
b.
renin
c.
aldosterone
d.
antidiuretic hormone
e.
angiotensin
55. Which of the following is a hormone produced in the posterior pituitary that increases water absorption
in the kidneys?
a.
atrial natriuretic factor
b.
renin
c.
aldosterone
d.
antidiuretic hormone
e.
angiotensin
56. Which of the following is a hormone produced by specialized cells in the heart in response to high
blood pressure?
a.
atrial natriuretic factor
b.
renin
c.
aldosterone
d.
antidiuretic hormone
e.
angiotensin
57. Osmoreceptors help the body deal with dehydration in part by stimulating release of
a.
atrial natriuretic factor.
b.
renin.
c.
aldosterone.
d.
antidiuretic hormone.
e.
angiotensin.
58. The osmoreceptors that the body uses to detect and react to situations such as dehydration are located
in the
a.
hypothalamus.
b.
adrenal glands.
c.
efferent arteriole.
d.
kidneys.
e.
posterior pituitary.
59. Marine teleost fishes deal with the osmotic stress of living in seawater mainly by
a.
active transport of ions into the body through the gills.
b.
excreting nitrogenous wastes through their kidneys as urea.
c.
active transport of ions out of the body by chloride cells.
d.
excreting excess salt through the actions of specialized salt glands in their heads.
e.
maintaining high levels of urea and trimethylamine oxide in body fluids.
60. Sharks and rays deal with the osmotic stress of living in seawater mainly by
a.
active transport of ions into the body through the gills.
b.
excreting nitrogenous wastes through their kidneys as urea.
c.
active transport of ions out of the body by chloride cells.
d.
excreting excess salt through the actions of specialized salt glands in their heads.
e.
maintaining high levels of urea and trimethylamine oxide in body fluids.
61. Sharks are able to survive having high levels of urea in their cells because
a.
urea stabilizes proteins.
b.
urea does not affect proteins.
c.
trimethylamine oxide counteracts the negative effects of urea.
d.
urea counteracts the unfolding of proteins by trimethylamine oxide.
e.
urea unfolds proteins that were improperly folded by trimethylamine oxide.
62. Teleost fishes deal with the osmotic stress of living in seawater in part by
a.
active transport of ions into the body through the gills.
b.
excreting nitrogenous wastes through their kidneys as urea.
c.
active transport of ions out of the body by chloride cells.
d.
excreting excess salt through the actions of specialized salt glands in their heads.
e.
maintaining high levels of urea and trimethylamine oxide in body fluids.
63. Many birds, such as seagulls which rarely drink fresh water, deal with the osmotic stress of taking in
large quantities of salt in their food mainly by
a.
active transport of ions into the body through their feet.
b.
excreting nitrogenous wastes through their kidneys as urea.
c.
active transport of ions out of the body by chloride cells.
d.
excreting excess salt through the actions of specialized salt glands in their heads.
e.
maintaining high levels of urea and trimethylamine oxide in body fluids.
64. Animals exchange heat with their environment by which of the following processes EXCEPT?
a.
conduction
b.
radiation
c.
evaporation
d.
convection
e.
thermoregulation
65. Which of the following processes is the flow of heat between atoms or molecules in direct contact?
a.
conduction
b.
radiation
c.
evaporation
d.
convection
e.
radiative cooling
66. Which of the following processes is the transfer of heat from a body to a fluid that passes over its
surface?
a.
conduction
b.
radiation
c.
evaporation
d.
convection
e.
radiative cooling
67. Organisms that obtain heat primarily from the external environment are called
a.
endotherms.
b.
isotherms.
c.
exotherms.
d.
ectotherms.
e.
allotherms.
68. Organisms that obtain heat primarily from internal physiological sources are called
a.
endotherms.
b.
isotherms.
c.
exotherms.
d.
ectotherms.
e.
allotherms.
69. As it gets colder, the metabolic rate of an endotherm typically goes ____ and the metabolic rate of an
ectotherm typically goes ____.
a.
down; down
b.
up; down
c.
down; up
d.
up; up
e.
it depends on the particular endotherm or ectotherm, so all of these are possible
70. The metabolic rate of an endotherm _____ at low environmental temperatures while the metabolic rate
of an ectotherm _____ at low environmental temperatures.
a.
falls; rises
b.
falls; falls
c.
rises; falls
d.
rises; rises
e.
it depends on the particular endotherm or ectotherm, so all of these are possible
71. Which of the following is NOT a way that many terrestrial ectotherms regulate their temperature?
a.
moving into or out of the shade
b.
panting
c.
changing the angle of the body relative to the sun
d.
changing blood flow to the skin
e.
thermoregulation
72. Physiological changes in ectotherms that change their temperature tolerance as the seasons change
from winter to summer are called
a.
estivation.
b.
hyperthermia.
c.
thermal acclimatization.
d.
hypothermia.
e.
hibernation.
73. Which of the following organisms is an ectotherm?
a.
elephant
b.
lizard
c.
owl
d.
bat
e.
human
74. Which of the following organisms is an endotherm?
a.
mouse
b.
salamander
c.
turtle
d.
frog
e.
snake
75. Which of the following is a reaction by mammals to cold that limits the amount of heat lost to the
surroundings?
a.
shivering
b.
going off to lay alone so that others do not take their heat
c.
pressing hair shafts close to the body
d.
reducing blood flow to the skin
e.
losing brown adipose tissue
76. In humans, brown adipose tissue is used for
a.
nitrogenous waste processing.
b.
controlling blood pressure.
c.
nonshivering thermogenesis.
d.
digestion of fats.
e.
cooling the body when exposed.
77. In humans, an increase of body temperature a few degrees above normal for a prolonged period
produces a state called
a.
estivation.
b.
hyperthermia.
c.
thermal acclimatization.
d.
hypothermia.
e.
hibernation.
78. The human temperature set point typically
a.
ranges from about 96.0F to about 99.5F.
b.
stays right at about 98.6F.
c.
stays right at about 96.8F.
d.
ranges from about 98.0F to about 99.5F.
e.
ranges from about 94.0F to about 99.0F.
79. An extended period of torpor entered by an animal during the winter when the environment is too cold
and food is too scarce is called
a.
estivation.
b.
hyperthermia.
c.
thermal acclimatization.
d.
hypothermia.
e.
hibernation.
80. An extended period of torpor entered by an animal during the summer when the environment is too hot
and water is too scarce is called
a.
estivation.
b.
hyperthermia.
c.
thermal acclimatization.
d.
hypothermia.
e.
hibernation.
81. Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by
a.
large amounts of protein.
d.
large amounts of urea.
b.
inability to thermoregulate.
e.
increased urine production.
c.
inability to urinate.
82. Why has Martin Pollak used humans in his studies of kidney disorders?
a.
ability to do invasive experiments
d.
examination of renal phenotypes followed
by genetic analysis
b.
ability to carry out planned matings
e.
examination of renal genotypes followed
by genetic manipulation
c.
long generation time
MATCHING
Choice
Choose the nephron tubule portion that best matches the description.
a.
ascending segment of the loop of Henle
b.
proximal convoluted tubule
c.
Bowman’s capsule
d.
descending segment of the loop of Henle
e.
distal convoluted tubule
83. site where water and small substances are first passed into the nephron
84. tubule segment that usually has the largest decrease in osmolarity
85. may start in the cortex and end in the medulla
86. empties into a collecting duct
87. site of reabsorption of nearly all glucose
88. may start in the medulla and end in the cortex
89. surrounds the glomerulus
90. Na+ and Cl− are actively transported out here, but water and urea are not moved across the membrane
91. tubule segment that usually has the largest increase in osmolarity
92. site of over half of the water reabsorption from the filtrate
SHORT ANSWER
93. The breakdown of proteins in animals results in what type of waste product(s)?
94. Would drinking a gallon of tap water, a gallon of sea water, or a gallon of beer produce the most
urine? Why?
95. What are the benefits and costs to animals that excrete uric acid?
96. Describe the different types of torpor.
MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE
If the statement is true, answer “T”. If the statement is false, answer “F” and make it correct by
changing the underlined word(s) and writing the correct word(s) in the answer blank(s).
97. Considering solutions on either side of a selectively permeable membrane, a solution of higher
osmolarity is said to be hyperosmotic to a solution of lower osmolarity
98. Flatworms and mussels have cellular and extracellular fluids with osmolarity lower than that of the
external environment
99. Marine mammals produce uric acid that is less concentrated than seawater
100. Elevated blood pressure stimulates specialized cells in the heart to release antidiuretic hormone, a
peptide hormone that inhibits renin release
101. The steroid hormone ADH causes the reabsorption of water in the kidney by increasing the number of
aquaporin3 water channels in the plasma membrane of the collecting ducts.
102. A marine fishes kidney plays little role in nitrogenous-waste removal.
103. The temperature range that provides good organismal performance is the same from one species to
another.
104. All animals gain or lose heat by a combination of four general mechanisms
105. Winged arthropods rely solely on behavioral mechanisms for thermoregulation.
106. Torpor during the summer is called estivation.