59. When fat enters the duodenum, it stimulates release of which hormone?
a.
amylase
b.
cholecystokinin
c.
gastrin
d.
secretin
e.
trypsin
60. Which of these structures produces a hormone that activates secretion of enzymes within it?
a.
mouth
b.
liver
c.
large intestine
d.
small intestine
e.
stomach
61. A drug that inhibits the Y5 receptor has been shown to
a.
have an effect on body weight in normal rats.
b.
have an effect on body weight in obese rats.
c.
have an effect on food intake in normal rats.
d.
have an effect on food intake in obese rats.
e.
have no effect on food intake or body weight in any rats.
62. Which of the following steps, in order, were used to determine what receptor in the hypothalamus
binds NPY?
a.
clone gene; sequence gene; Northern blotting experiment
b.
sequence gene; Northern blotting experiment; clone gene
c.
Northern blotting experiment; clone gene; sequence gene
d.
clone gene; Northern blotting experiment; sequence gene
e.
sequence gene; clone sequenced gene; Northern blotting experiment using cloned gene
63. Which tooth type may not be present in herbivores yet prominent in carnivores?
a.
canines
b.
incisors
c.
molars
d.
premolars
e.
The teeth types of herbivores and carnivores are the same.
64. An example of an animal with a long digestive tract and molars with a large, ridged surface is
a.
cat.
b.
deer.
c.
dog.
d.
shark.
e.
tiger.
65. Which teeth type would be used to crush and grind food?
a.
canines
b.
incisors
c.
molars
d.
canines and incisors
e.
incisors and molars
66. Ruminants have how many chambers in their stomachs?
a.
one
b.
two
c.
three
d.
four
e.
five
67. When a ruminant “chews his cud,” it involves regurgitation from which two digestive chambers?
a.
abomasum and omasum
b.
abomasum and rumen
c.
omasum and rumen
d.
rumen and reticulum
e.
reticulum and omasum
68. Weight loss dieting in humans has been shown to
a.
increase absolute abundance of Firmicutes bacteria
b.
decrease absolute abundance of Firmicutes bacteria
c.
increase relative abundance of Firmicutes bacteria
d.
decrease relative abundance of Firmicutes bacteria
e.
not affect bacterial populations in human intestines
69. The top priority for energy allocation in animals is
a.
maintenance metabolism.
b.
growth.
c.
reproduction.
d.
storage.
e.
energy allocation is equal to these functions.
70. Cholesterol can be scavenged by
a.
VLDLs
b.
HDLs
c.
LDLs
d.
LCATs
e.
HDLs and LDls
71. Which two structures (found in different organisms) both serve to increase the absorptive surfaces of
the intestines?
a.
choanocytes and gastric ceca
b.
choanocytes and proventriculus
c.
proventriculus and villi
d.
typhlosoles and gastric ceca
e.
typhlosoles and villi
72. Which two structures of the human digestive tract can be classified as endocrine glands since they
produce hormones?
a.
liver and gallbladder
b.
liver and pancreas
c.
liver and small intestine
d.
pancreas and small intestine
e.
pancreas and stomach
73. A byproduct of digestion in the stomach of some mammals is ____, and it may be produced in large
quantities in ____.
a.
methane; carnivores
b.
methane; ruminants
c.
mucus; carnivores
d.
mucus; ruminants
e.
mucus; both carnivores and ruminants
74. Which of these functions does NOT relate to the liver?
a.
detoxifies toxic substances
b.
produces bile
c.
produces amylase
d.
synthesizes lipoproteins
e.
turns glucose into glycogen
75. Which of the following enzymes is matched INCORRECTLY with the substance it digests?
a.
lipase − fats
b.
pancreatic amylase − starch
c.
pepsin − proteins
d.
salivary amylase − starch
e.
trypsin − fats
76. Which of the following animals does NOT have a single digestive opening?
a.
coral
b.
earthworm
c.
flatworm
d.
hydra
e.
sea anemone
77. Which of the following is NOT a fat soluble vitamin?
a.
A
b.
C
c.
D
d.
E
e.
K
78. Which of the following organisms is NOT a ruminant?
a.
cows
b.
deer
c.
dogs
d.
goats
e.
sheep
79. Which of the following statements is NOT true about fluid feeders?
a.
They may have long tongues to effectively extract nectar from plants.
b.
They may gather organic material from soil located nearby.
c.
They may have piercing mouth parts to obtain blood from a host.
d.
They may secrete enzymes on a food source and consume it once it is liquefied.
e.
They may inject anticoagulants into a host to inhibit blood from clotting.
80. The presence of hydrochloric acid in the stomach serves all of the following purposes EXCEPT
a.
activates pepsinogen.
b.
emulsifies fats.
c.
inactivates amylase.
d.
kills bacteria.
e.
unfolds proteins.
81. Which of the following is NOT an enzyme?
a.
amylase
b.
bile
c.
lipase
d.
pepsin
e.
trypsin
82. Which of the following enzymes is NOT produced by the pancreas?
a.
amylase
b.
carboxypeptidase
c.
lipase
d.
pepsin
e.
trypsin
83. Which of the following conditions is NOT caused by a deficiency of a water-soluble vitamin?
a.
beriberi
b.
pellagra
c.
rickets
d.
scurvy
e.
anemia
SHORT ANSWER
84. How does undernutrition impact the human body?
85. How does the fact that the mosquito is often a vector of disease relate directly to its method of
obtaining food?
86. Why is a digestive system with a single digestive opening inefficient?
87. How are the gastric glands in the stomach protected from digestion by the enzyme they produce?
88. What purpose do villi and microvilli serve in the small intestine?
MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE
If the statement is true, answer “T“. If the statement is false, answer “F” and make it correct by
changing the underlined word(s) and writing the correct word(s) in the answer blank(s).
89. The digestive system of an earthworm is more advanced than that of a flatworm.
90. A bird cracks open the seed coat with his teeth before swallowing.
91. In most animals with digestive tract, digestion occurs in four successive steps and the material being
digested moves passively through the digestive tube.
92. The mucosa of the digestive tract may have villi as an adaptation.
93. In the human diet, linoleic acid and linolenic acid are the only essential fatty acid acids.
94. The appendix is a vestigial structure in humans.
95. The “small” in the small intestine refers to its length.
96. Individual species do not differ in the vitamins and essential amino acids and fatty acids they require
952
97. Much of the control of the digestive system originates in the neuron networks of the submucosa.
98. The quality of food herbivores ingest is relatively nutrient rich, therefore their digestive systems are
relatively simple.
MATCHING
Match the digestive substances to the structures that produce it. (Note: An answer may be used more
than once.)
a.
Liver
b.
Pancreas
c.
Salivary glands
d.
Stomach
99. salivary amylase
100. bile
101. lipase
102. pepsin
103. trypsin
Labeling
Use the following terms to label the diagram.
104. stomach
105. mouth
106. large intestines
107. esophagus
108. anus
109. liver
110. pharynx
111. pancreas
112. gallbladder
113. small intestines
114. salivary glands
115. rectum
954
Labeling
Label each of the following teeth types in the diagram.
116. incisors
117. molars
118. premolars
119. canines
ESSAY
120. The pyloric sphincter, the circular muscle that controls the entrance of food from the stomach to the
small intestine, usually opens only slightly. What is the purpose of this?
121. Describe the enzymatic digestion that takes place in each structure of the digestive tract.