Campbell’s Biology, 9e (Reece et al.)
Chapter 46 Animal Reproduction
Most of the questions in Chapter 46 ensure that students have a firm grasp of the important principles of
animal reproduction. Some art questions require students to label various parts of the human female and
male reproductive systems. A few higher-level questions require students to piece together information
to determine an appropriate response.
Multiple-Choice Questions
1) Regeneration, the regrowth of lost body parts, normally follows
A) all types of asexual reproduction.
B) all types of sexual reproduction.
C) fission.
D) fragmentation.
E) parthenogenesis.
2) One of the evolutionary “enigmas,” or unsolved puzzles, of sexual reproduction is that
A) sexual reproduction allows for more rapid population growth than does asexual reproduction.
B) only half of the offspring from sexually reproducing females are also females.
C) asexual reproduction produces offspring of greater genetic variety.
D) sexual reproduction is completed more rapidly than asexual reproduction.
E) asexual reproduction is better suited to environments with extremely varying conditions.
3) An advantage of asexual reproduction is that
A) asexual reproduction allows the species to endure long periods of unstable environmental conditions.
B) asexual reproduction enhances genetic variability in the species.
C) asexual reproduction enables the species to rapidly colonize habitats that are favorable to that species.
D) asexual reproduction produces offspring that respond effectively to new pathogens.
E) asexual reproduction allows a species to easily rid itself of harmful mutations.
4) Genetic mutations in asexually reproducing organisms lead to more evolutionary change than do
genetic mutations in sexually reproducing ones because
A) asexually reproducing organisms, but not sexually reproducing organisms, pass all mutations on to
their offspring.
B) asexually reproducing organisms devote more time and energy to the process of reproduction than do
sexually reproducing organisms.
C) sexually reproducing organisms can produce more offspring in a given time than can sexually
reproducing organisms.
D) more genetic variation is present in organisms that reproduce asexually than is present in those that
reproduce sexually.
E) asexually reproducing organisms have more dominant genes than organisms that reproduce sexually.
5) Asexual reproduction results in greater reproductive success than does sexual reproduction when
A) pathogens are rapidly diversifying.
B) a species has accumulated numerous deleterious mutations.
C) there is some potential for rapid overpopulation.
D) a species is expanding into diverse geographic settings.
E) a species is in stable and favorable environments.
6) Sexual reproduction patterns include the example of
A) fragmentation.
B) budding.
C) hermaphroditism.
D) parthenogenesis.
E) fission.
7) Sexual reproduction
A) allows animals to conserve resources and reproduce only during optimal conditions.
B) can produce diverse phenotypes that may enhance survival of a population in a changing
environment.
C) yields more numerous offspring more rapidly than is possible with asexual reproduction.
D) enables males and females to remain isolated from each other while rapidly colonizing habitats.
E) guarantees that both parents will provide care for each offspring.
8) Environmental cues that influence the timing of reproduction generally do so by
A) increasing the body temperature.
B) providing access to water for external fertilization.
C) increasing ambient temperature to that which is comfortable for sex.
D) direct effects on gonadal structures.
E) direct effects on hormonal control mechanisms.
9) For water fleas of the genus Daphnia, switching from a pattern of asexual reproduction to sexual
reproduction coincides with
A) environmental conditions becoming more favorable for offspring.
B) greater abundance of food resources for offspring.
C) periods of temperature or food stresses on adults.
D) completion of puberty.
E) exhaustion of an individual’s supply of eggs.
10) All individuals of a particular species of whiptail lizards are females. Their reproductive efforts
depend on
A) fertilization of their eggs by males of other lizard species.
B) gonadal structures that only undergo mitosis.
C) meiosis followed by a doubling of the chromosomes in eggs.
D) budding prior to the development of a sexual phenotype.
E) fragmentation via autolysis.
11) Evidence that parthenogenic whiptail lizards are derived from sexually reproducing ancestors
includes
A) the requirement for male-like behaviors in some females before their partners will ovulate.
B) the development and then regression of testes prior to sexual maturation.
C) the observation that all of the offspring are haploid.
D) dependence on favorable weather conditions for ovulation to occur.
E) the persistence of a vestigial penis among some of the females.
12) Like many other fishes, bluehead wrasses utilize harem mating as they reproduce sexually.
However, unlike most fishes,
A) they are simultaneous hermaphrodites.
B) they function without any signaling by steroid hormones.
C) they undergo a prolonged diapause during low tide.
D) their offspring can be either haploid or diploid.
E) large females morph into reproductively competent males.
13) Which of the following patterns of reproduction are found only among invertebrate animals?
A) sexual and asexual reproduction
B) external and internal fertilization
C) hermaphroditism and parthenogenesis
D) pheromonal and hormonal coordination
E) fission and budding
14) Animals with reproduction dependent on internal fertilization need not have
A) any copulatory organs.
B) a receptacle that receives sperm.
C) behavioral interaction between males and females.
D) internal development of embryos.
E) haploid gametes.
15) In close comparisons, external fertilization often yields more offspring than does internal
fertilization. However, internal fertilization offers the advantage that
A) it is the only way to ensure the survival of the species.
B) it requires less time and energy to be devoted to reproduction.
C) the smaller number of offspring produced often receive a greater amount of parental investment.
D) it permits the most rapid population increase.
E) it requires expression of fewer genes and maximizes genetic stability.
16) Internal and external fertilization both
A) produce single-celled zygotes.
B) occur only among invertebrates.
C) occur only among terrestrial animals.
D) depend on the use of intromittent copulatory organs.
E) occur only among birds.
17) Organisms with a reproductive pattern that produces shelled amniotic eggs generally
A) end up having a higher embryo mortality rate than do organisms with unprotected embryos.
B) invest most of their reproductive energy in the embryonic and early postnatal development of their
offspring.
C) invest more energy in parenting than do placental animals.
D) produce more gametes than do those animals with external fertilization and development.
E) lower their embryo mortality rate to less than one in a thousand.
18) Among nonmammalian vertebrates, the cloaca is an anatomical structure that functions as
A) a specialized sperm-transfer device produced only by males.
B) a shared pathway for the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems.
C) a region bordered by the labia minora and clitoris in females.
D) a source of nutrients for developing sperm in the testes.
E) a gland that secretes mucus to lubricate the vaginal opening.
19) External chemical signals that coordinate potential reproductive partners are called
A) hormones.
B) pheromones.
C) paracrine signals.
D) cytokines.
E) gametes.
20) Females of many insect species, including honeybee queens, can store gametes shed by their mating
partners in
A) their nests.
B) the abdominal tract.
C) the cloaca.
D) the uterus.
E) the spermatheca.
21) Most flatworms, including parasitic liver flukes, are hermaphrodites that form zygotes as the result
of
A) internal fertilization.
B) external fertilization.
C) parthenogenesis.
D) eggs and sperm mixing together in excreted feces.
E) eggs and sperm mixing together in wastewater.
22) When female fruit flies mate with two different males on the same day,
A) the first male’s sperm fertilizes all of the eggs.
B) the first male’s sperm fertilizes most of the eggs.
C) the second male’s sperm fertilizes most of the eggs.
D) the first and second males fertilize equal numbers of eggs.
E) none of the eggs become fertilized.
23) An oocyte released from a human ovary enters the oviduct as a result of
A) the beating action of the flagellum on the oocyte.
B) the force of the follicular ejection directing the oocyte into the oviduct.
C) the wavelike beating of cilia lining the oviduct.
D) movement of the oocyte through the pulsating uterus into the oviduct.
E) peristaltic contraction of ovarian muscles.
24) The junction of the upper vagina and the uterus is called the
A) fallopian tube.
B) clitoris.
C) oviduct.
D) labia majora.
E) cervix.
25) In humans, the follicular cells that remain behind in the ovary following ovulation become
A) the ovarian endometrium that is shed at the time of the menses.
B) a steroid-hormone synthesizing structure called the corpus luteum.
C) the thickened portion of the uterine wall.
D) swept into the fallopian tube.
E) the placenta, which secretes cervical mucus.
26) Among mammals, the male and female genital structures that consist mostly of erectile tissue
include the
A) penis and clitoris.
B) vas deferens and oviduct.
C) testes and ovaries.
D) seminiferous tubules and hymen.
E) prostate and ovaries.
27) Testosterone is synthesized primarily by the
A) sperm cells.
B) hypothalamus.
C) Leydig cells.
D) anterior pituitary gland.
E) seminiferous tubules.
28) Sperm cells are stored within human males in the
A) urethra.
B) prostate.
C) epididymis.
D) seminal vesicles.
E) bulbourethral gland.
29) Among human males, both semen and urine normally travel along the
A) vas deferens.
B) urinary bladder.
C) seminal vesicle.
D) urethra.
E) ureter.
30) Human sperm cells first arise in the
A) prostate gland.
B) vas deferens.
C) seminiferous tubules.
D) epididymis.
E) Sertoli cells.
31) The surgical removal of the seminal vesicles would likely
A) cause sterility because sperm would not be produced.
B) cause sterility because sperm would not be able to exit the body.
C) greatly reduce the volume of semen.
D) enhance the fertilization potency of sperm in the uterus.
E) cause the testes to migrate back into the abdominal cavity.
32) Most of the noncellular fluid in ejaculated human semen is composed of
A) the secretions of the seminiferous tubules.
B) the secretions of the bulbourethral glands.
C) the secretions of the seminal vesicles.
D) the secretions of the prostate gland.
E) anticoagulant enzymes.
33) Increasing the temperature of the human scrotum by 2°C (i.e., near the normal body core
temperature) and holding it there would
A) reduce the fertility of the man by impairing the production of gonadal steroid hormones.
B) reduce the fertility of the man by impairing spermatogenesis.
C) reduce the man’s sexual interest.
D) increase the fertility of the affected man by enhancing the rate of steroidogenesis.
E) have no effect on male reproductive processes.
34) During human heterosexual (mutual) excitement, vasocongestion
A) occurs only in the penis.
B) occurs only in the testes.
C) occurs only in the clitoris.
D) occurs only in the upper vagina.
E) occurs in the clitoris, vagina, and penis.
35) The moment of orgasm is characterized by
A) the ovulation of the oocyte from the ovary.
B) the release of sperm from the seminiferous tubules.
C) rhythmic contraction of many parts of the reproductive system.
D) increased synthesis and release of ovarian steroid hormones.
E) increased synthesis and release of testicular steroid hormones.
36) At the time of fertilization, the complete maturation of each oogonium has resulted in
A) one secondary oocyte.
B) two primary oocytes.
C) four secondary oocytes.
D) four primary oocytes.
E) four zygotes.
37) In vertebrate animals, spermatogenesis and oogenesis differ in that
A) oogenesis begins at the onset of sexual maturity, whereas spermatogenesis begins during embryonic
development.
B) oogenesis produces four haploid cells, whereas spermatogenesis produces only one functional
spermatozoon.
C) cytokinesis is unequal in oogenesis, whereas it is equal in spermatogenesis.
D) oogenesis ends at menopause, whereas spermatogenesis is finished before birth.
E) spermatogenesis is not completed until after fertilization occurs, but oogenesis is completed by the
time a girl is born.
38) Mature human sperm and ova are similar in that
A) they both have the same number of chromosomes.
B) they are approximately the same size.
C) they each have a flagellum that provides motility.
D) they are produced from puberty until death.
E) they are formed before birth.
39) A male’s “primary” sex characteristics include
A) deepening of the voice at puberty.
B) embryonic differentiation of the seminal vesicles.
C) growth of skeletal muscle.
D) elongation of the skeleton prior to puberty.
E) onset of growth of facial hair at puberty.
40) The primary difference between estrous and menstrual cycles is that
A) the endometrium shed by the uterus during the estrous cycle is reabsorbed, whereas the shed
endometrium of menstrual cycles is excreted from the body.
B) behavioral changes during estrous cycles are much less apparent than those of menstrual cycles.
C) season and climate have less pronounced effects on estrous cycles than they do on menstrual cycles.
D) copulation normally occurs across the estrous cycle, whereas in menstrual cycles copulation only
occurs during the period surrounding ovulation.
E) most estrous cycles are of much longer duration compared to menstrual cycles.
41) At the end of a nonpregnant ovarian cycle, the breakdown and discharge of the soft uterine tissues is
called
A) menstruation.
B) lactation.
C) fertilization.
D) menopause.
E) ovulation.
42) In correct chronological order, the three phases of the human ovarian cycle are
A) menstrual → ovulation → luteal.
B) follicular → luteal → secretory.
C) menstrual → proliferative → secretory.
D) follicular → ovulation → luteal.
E) proliferative → luteal → ovulation.
43) In correct chronological order, the three phases of the human uterine cycle are
A) menstrual → ovulation → luteal.
B) follicular → luteal → secretory.
C) menstrual → proliferative → secretory.
D) follicular → ovulation → luteal.
E) proliferative → luteal → ovulation.
44) A contraceptive pill that continuously inhibits the release of GnRH from the hypothalamus will
A) increase the production of estrogen and progesterone by the ovaries.
B) initiate ovulation.
C) reduce the secretion of gonadotropins from the anterior pituitary gland.
D) stimulate the secretion of LH and FSH from the posterior pituitary gland.
E) increase the flow phase of the menstrual cycle.
45) A function-disrupting mutation in the progesterone receptor gene would likely result in
A) the absence of secondary sex characteristics.
B) the absence of pituitary gonadotropin hormones.
C) the inability of the uterus to support pregnancy.
D) enlarged and hyperactive uterine endometrium.
E) the absence of mammary gland development.
46) A primary response by the Leydig cells in the testes to the presence of luteinizing hormone is an
increase in the synthesis and secretion of
A) inhibin.
B) testosterone.
C) oxytocin.
D) prolactin.
E) progesterone.
47) A reproductive hormone that is secreted directly from a structure in the brain is
A) testosterone.
B) estradiol.
C) progesterone.
D) follicle-stimulating hormone.
E) gonadotropin-releasing hormone.
48) The primary function of the corpus luteum is to
A) nourish and protect the egg cell.
B) produce prolactin in the alveoli.
C) maintain progesterone and estrogen synthesis after ovulation has occurred.
D) stimulate the development of the mammary glands.
E) support pregnancy in the second and third trimesters.
49) For the 10 days following ovulation in a nonpregnant menstrual cycle, the main source of
progesterone is the
A) adrenal cortex.
B) anterior pituitary.
C) corpus luteum.
D) developing follicle.
E) placenta.
50) Ovulation is the follicular response to a burst of secretion of
A) LH.
B) progesterone.
C) inhibin.
D) prolactin.
E) estradiol.
51) Prior to ovulation, the primary steroid hormone secreted by the growing follicle is
A) LH.
B) FSH.
C) inhibin.
D) GnRH.
E) estradiol.
52) The hypothalamic hormone that stimulates hormone secretion by the anterior pituitary gland is
A) LH.
B) FSH.
C) inhibin.
D) GnRH.
E) estradiol.
53) The hormone progesterone is produced
A) in the pituitary and acts directly on the ovary.
B) in the uterus and acts directly on the pituitary.
C) in the ovary and acts directly on the uterus.
D) in the pituitary and acts directly on the uterus.
E) in the uterus and acts directly on the pituitary.
54) Menopause is characterized by
A) reduced synthesis of ovarian steroids despite high levels of gonadotropin hormones.
B) a decline in production of the gonadotropin hormones by the anterior pituitary gland.
C) wearing away of the uterine endometrium.
D) an increase in the blood supply to the ovaries.
E) a halt in the synthesis of gonadotropin-releasing hormone by the brain.
55) For normal human fertilization to occur,