51. Which of the following can be present in a vaccine?
a.
live pathogen
b.
weakened B-cells
c.
unmodified antigen from a pathogen
d.
killed pathogen or weakened pathogen
e.
killed pathogen or weakened pathogen or unmodified antigen from a pathogen
52. How is active immunity different from passive immunity?
a.
Active immunity is slower in onset and shorter-lived.
b.
Active immunity is slower in onset and longer-lived.
c.
Active immunity is faster in onset and shorter-lived.
d.
Active immunity is faster in onset and longer-lived.
e.
Only active immunity involves antibodies.
53. A patient’s serum is analyzed and found to have an abnormally low level of CD8 molecules. This
suggests that the patient has insufficient numbers of
a.
macrophages.
b.
B cells.
c.
cytotoxic T cells.
d.
helper T cells.
e.
NK cells.
54. A typical primary response to an antigen peaks in about
a.
one-two days.
b.
four-five days.
c.
two weeks.
d.
two months.
e.
four months.
55. Which of the following statements about effector cells is FALSE?
a.
They are fully differentiated lymphocytes.
b.
They can develop from either B cells or T cells.
c.
They secrete immunoglobulins or interleukins depending on their origin.
d.
Cytotoxic T cells are effector cells
e.
Helper T-cells are not effector cells.
56. Which of the following statements about body cells is TRUE?
a.
All lymphocytes are leukocytes, but not all leukocytes are lymphocytes.
b.
All leukocytes are lymphocytes, but not all lymphocytes are leukocytes.
c.
Leukocyte and lymphocyte are different types of red blood cells.
d.
Leukocyte and lymphocyte are different names for the same cell.
e.
MHC proteins are not unique between vertebrate species.
57. A CD8+ T cell binds to an antigen only if this antigen
a.
is in a complex with a class I MHC protein.
b.
is in a complex with a class II MHC protein.
c.
is in a complex with a class III MHC protein.
d.
is NOT in a complex with MHC proteins.
e.
is presented on the surface of a B cell.
58. Which of the following characteristics applies to both B and T cells?
a.
mature in the bone marrow
b.
can differentiate into memory cells
c.
secrete proteins
d.
participate in acquired immunity
e.
involved in phagocytosis
59. Hybridomas are cells formed by the fusion of
a.
B cells and melanomas.
b.
B cells and myelomas.
c.
T cells and melanomas.
d.
T cells and myelomas.
e.
B cells, T cells, and myelomas.
60. A monoclonal antibody reacts against
a.
a single antigenic determinant.
b.
different epitopes on the same antigen.
c.
different antigens of the same organism.
d.
a single type of pathogen.
e.
a single type of macromolecule.
61. Which of the following life history traits of mice is NOT an advantage for its use as a model
organism?
a.
Reproductive rate.
b.
Generation time.
c.
Small size.
d.
Maintenance in the laboratory.
e.
Large size.
62. Which of the following statements about the mouse is FALSE?
a.
Its scientific name is Mus musculus.
b.
Females give birth to offspring about three weeks after mating.
c.
It has been used to disprove the “inheritance of acquired characters” hypothesis.
d.
Knockout mice are those that carry a lethal allele.
e.
Knockout mice are those that have a gene that is completely nonfunctional.
63. When FasL is bound by the Fas receptor
a.
apoptosis is initiated
b.
the cell is killed by the Fas receptor
c.
cytotoxic T cells are protected
d.
apoptosis is initiated and the cell is killed by the Fas receptor
e.
apoptosis is initiated, the cell is killed by the Fas receptor and cytotoxic T cells are
protected
64. Cells that have the FasL molecule
a.
must also possess the Fas protein.
b.
must be cytotoxic T cells.
c.
must be melanocytes.
d.
will attack each other.
e.
will attack cells that have the Fas protein.
65. B cells and T cells that react with self-antigens are destroyed by
a.
apoptosis.
b.
phagocytosis.
c.
cytokinesis.
d.
diakinesis.
e.
endocytosis.
66. Autoimmune diseases result from a breakdown in the ability of the body to
a.
produce antibodies.
b.
produce memory cells.
c.
destroy major histocompatibility proteins.
d.
distinguish self from non-self.
e.
distinguish between harmless and pathogenic microorganisms.
67. Rheumatoid arthritis is caused by
a.
a deficiency of antibodies.
b.
inability to respond to antigenic stimulation.
c.
a virus.
d.
a self-attack on blood tissue.
e.
a self-attack on joints.
68. Which autoimmune disease is incorrectly matched with the tissue it affects?
a.
lupus − blood
b.
type I diabetes − pancreas
c.
multiple sclerosis − nerves
d.
lupus – pancreas
e.
lupus – anemia
69. Allergy is a(n) ____ response to ____ antigens.
a.
overactive; environmental
b.
underactive; environmental
c.
overactive; cellular
d.
underactive; cellular
e.
normal level; microbial
70. Arrange the steps of an allergic response in the proper order.
1)
Allergic symptoms appear.
2)
Allergen binds with IgE.
3)
IgE combines with mast cell receptors.
4)
Mast cells release histamine.
5)
Plasma cells sensitized.
a.
5, 3, 2, 4, 1
b.
1, 5, 2, 4, 3
c.
5, 2, 4, 3, 1
d.
1, 4, 5, 2, 3
e.
4, 5, 2, 3, 1
71. The primary targets for HIV are
a.
helper T cells and macrophages.
b.
helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells.
c.
B cells, helper T cells, and cytotoxic T cells.
d.
B cells and helper T cells.
e.
B cells and macrophages.
72. How do the antibodies of sharks differ from those of mammals?
a.
Shark antibodies do not have light chains.
b.
Shark antibodies do not have heavy chains.
c.
Shark antibodies have a different arrangement of embryonic gene segments.
d.
Shark antibodies are produced without rearrangement of gene segments.
e.
Shark antibodies have light, heavy, and moderate chains.
73. Which of the following defense mechanisms are found in invertebrates?
a.
phagocytes
b.
lysozyme
c.
antibodies
d.
phagocytes and lysozyme
e.
phagocytes, lysozyme, and antibodies
74. Moths have an Ig-family protein called ____, which binds to pathogens and enhances their
phagocytosis.
a.
hemolysin
b.
cadherin
c.
bradykinin
d.
hemolin
e.
defensin
75. The Nef protein helps HIV evade the adaptive immune system by
a.
destroying cytotoxic T cells.
b.
destroying class I MHC proteins as soon as they get to the surface of infected cells.
c.
destroying class I MHC proteins in the cytoplasm.
d.
binding to class I MHC proteins at the cell surface, thereby blocking their availability to
cytotoxic T cells.
e.
binding to class I MHC proteins in the cytoplasm, thereby preventing their transport to the
cell surface.
76. Which of the following cells can serve as antigen-presenting cells?
a.
macrophages, basophils, and B cells
b.
dendritic cells, B cells, and T cells
c.
macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells
d.
B cells, T cells, and basophils
e.
macrophages, T cells, and basophils
77. Which of the following molecules is MISMATCHED with its source?
a.
interferons − virus-infected cells
b.
histamine − mast cells
c.
lysozyme − epithelial cells
d.
immunoglobulin − B cells
e.
interleukins − cytotoxic T cells
78. You had a cold last month and you caught another one this month from your brother. Why could this
happen?
a.
Memory cells were not formed as a response to the first cold.
b.
The antibodies formed as a response to the first cold were degraded.
c.
The two cold viruses are different.
d.
Your macrophages are not working properly.
e.
Your antigen-presenting cells do not recognize the second cold virus.
79. Which of the following defends against BOTH bacteria and viruses?
a.
interferons
b.
lysozyme
c.
NK cells
d.
plasma cells
e.
cytotoxic T cells
80. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the acquired immune response?
a.
memory
b.
specificity
c.
ability to respond to millions of different antigens
d.
ability to distinguish self from nonself
e.
adaptive
81. Which of the following molecules is incorrectly matched with its function?
a.
T cell − cell-mediated immunity
b.
neutrophil − phagocytosis
c.
B cell − antibody-mediated immunity
d.
basophil − allergy
e.
T cell − antibody-mediated immunity
Select the Exception
82. Which of the following statements about innate immunity is FALSE?
a.
It involves a variety of chemicals, including defensins and complement.
b.
It involves a variety of cells, including phagocytes and NK cells.
c.
It protects against viruses and other pathogens.
d.
It must be primed by the presence of antigens.
e.
It has no memory of prior exposure to an organism.
83. Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which antibodies can protect the body from foreign
antigens?
a.
neutralization
b.
agglutination
c.
stimulation of cytotoxic T cells
d.
enhancing of phagocytosis
e.
activation of complement
84. Which of the following is NOT a part of an antibody molecule?
a.
light chain
b.
heavy chain
c.
antigen-binding site
d.
C and V regions
e.
epitope
85. Which of the following is NOT an autoimmune disease?
a.
type I diabetes
b.
rheumatoid arthritis
c.
hepatitis
d.
lupus
e.
multiple sclerosis
MATCHING
Match each cell with its correct description.
a.
Part of the innate immune system, but functions primarily to stimulate an adaptive
immune response
b.
Functions in the defense against parasitic worms
c.
Differentiates into helper T cell
d.
Differentiates into macrophage
e.
Differentiates into cytotoxic T cell
f.
Induces apoptosis in virus-infected cells
g.
Produces antibodies
h.
Used to produce monoclonal antibodies
i.
Kills bacteria and then usually dies
j.
Releases histamine
86. CD4+ cell
87. CD8+ cell
88. dendritic cell
89. eosinophil
90. hybridoma
91. mast cell
92. monocyte
93. neutrophil
94. NK cell
95. plasma cell
910
Choice
Choose the class of immunoglobulin that corresponds to each of the characteristics listed below.
a.
IgA
b.
IgD
c.
IgE
d.
IgG
e.
IgM
96. the first to be produced in response to an antigenic stimulus
97. the most abundant in secretions
98. crosses the placenta
99. the most abundant in blood
100. defends against parasitic worms
101. the major component of the secondary immune response
102. plays major role in the allergic response
103. may exist as a pentamer
104. has an uncertain function
MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE
If the statement is true, write a “T” in the blank. If the statement is false, make it correct by changing
the underlined words(s) and writing the correct word(s) in the answer blank.
105. In the respiratory tract, pileated cells constantly sweep mucus that contains trapped foreign matter.
106. Opsonins are antimicrobial peptides that play an important role in the innate immunity of the
mammalian intestinal tract.
107. B cells differentiate into plasma cells, which produce antibodies.
108. Cephalosporin is a drug routinely used to reduce the rejection of transplanted organs.
109. T cells are produced in the bone marrow but mature in the thyroid.
110. Antibody-mediated immunity is also called humoral immunity.
111. Anaphylactic shock can be controlled by an immediate injection of histamine.
112. Upon antigenic stimulation, CD8+ T cells differentiate into helper T cells.
113. HIV inserts its genome into the host cell’s DNA.
114. Invertebrates have an adaptive immune system and an innate immune system.
115. All invertebrates have phagocytic cells, but lack antibodies.
ESSAY
116. What is clonal selection? How does it occur?
117. Discuss the phenomena of immunological tolerance and autoimmune disease.