CHAPTER 45—DEFENSES AGAINST DISEASE
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) now infects about
a.
20 million people; however, the number is decreasing because of an effective vaccination
campaign.
b.
20 million people; however, the number is decreasing because of effective antibiotic
treatments.
c.
33 million people; however, the number is decreasing because of an effective vaccination
campaign.
d.
33 million people; however, the number is decreasing because of effective antibiotic
treatments.
e.
33 million people, and continues to spread.
2. Edward Jenner injected individuals with ____ lesions to protect them from ____.
a.
chickenpox; smallpox
b.
smallpox; chickenpox
c.
smallpox; cowpox
d.
cowpox; smallpox
e.
cowpox; chickenpox
3. The term immunity comes from the Latin immunis, which means
a.
protect.
b.
exempt.
c.
attack.
d.
sword.
e.
cow.
4. Vaccination takes advantage of
a.
the immune system.
b.
the skin as a barrier.
c.
injecting materials from lesions.
d.
delivering virus via bacteria.
e.
all of these.
5. Arrange the following three lines of defense from earliest to latest.
1 = Adaptive immune system
2 = Physical barriers
3 = Innate immune system
a.
1, 2, 3
b.
2, 1, 3
c.
2, 3, 1
d.
3, 1, 2
e.
3, 2, 1
6. The enzyme lysozyme offers protection from
a.
viruses.
b.
bacteria.
c.
fungi.
d.
protists.
e.
viruses and bacteria.
7. Adaptive immunity is also referred to as ____ immunity.
a.
acquired
b.
active
c.
passive
d.
latent
e.
hidden
8. How is adaptive immunity different from innate immunity?
a.
adaptive immunity is specific, while innate immunity is not.
b.
adaptive immunity has memory, while innate immunity does not.
c.
adaptive immunity is immediate, while innate immunity is not.
d.
adaptive immunity is specific, while innate immunity is not; adaptive immunity has
memory, while innate immunity does not.
e.
adaptive immunity has memory, while innate immunity does not; adaptive immunity is
immediate, while innate immunity is not.
9. The major phagocytic cells in the body are
a.
macrophages and monocytes.
b.
macrophages and neutrophils.
c.
macrophages and mast cells.
d.
monocytes and mast cells.
e.
monocytes and basophils.
10. ____ are molecules that regulate defense responses via signal transduction pathways.
a.
Complement
b.
Histamines
c.
Prostaglandins
d.
Cytokines
e.
Opsonins
11. Which of the following is true of histamine?
a.
causes blood vessels to contract
b.
causes capillaries to lose their permeability
c.
causes an outward flow of fluids from the capillaries
d.
reduces tissue swelling
e.
causes cells to release interferons
12. Which of the following are symptoms of the inflammatory response?
a.
pain
b.
swelling
c.
tenderness and swelling
d.
pain and heat
e.
pain, swelling, tenderness and heat
13. While running in a garden, a girl steps on an old board and a nail goes through her shoe and skin,
causing a deep puncture wound. Which of the following non-specific defense mechanisms will aid in
defense from pathogens?
a.
epithelial cells with cilia
b.
lysozyme
c.
acidic skin secretions
d.
inflammation
e.
natural killer cells
14. ____ are most responsible for the symptoms of inflammation.
a.
Cytotoxic T cells
b.
Macrophages
c.
Mast cells
d.
Neutrophils
e.
Eosinophils
15. Interferons
a.
make holes through bacterial cell membranes.
b.
make holes through bacterial cell walls.
c.
prevent entry of viruses into cells.
d.
block the replication of viruses within cells.
e.
bind iron and make it unavailable for bacteria and viruses.
16. Natural killer cells destroy target cells by
a.
releasing antibiotics, which breakdown the cell membrane.
b.
releasing perforin, which creates holes in the cell membrane.
c.
releasing histamine, which signals other blood cells to aggregate.
d.
releasing lysozyme, which breaks down the cell wall.
e.
releasing antibodies, which break down the cell wall.
17. “Complement” refers to a set of specific
a.
vaccines.
b.
defense proteins.
c.
antibodies.
d.
antibiotics.
e.
lymphocytes.
18. Which of the following is a function of activated complement proteins?
a.
lysis of pathogens
b.
enhancing inflammation
c.
coating pathogens to enhance phagocytosis
d.
lysis of pathogens and enhancing inflammation
e.
lysis of pathogens, enhancing inflammation, and coating pathogens to enhance
phagocytosis
19. All of the following are nonspecific defense mechanisms EXCEPT
a.
acid secretions of the stomach.
b.
inflammation.
c.
antibodies.
d.
mucus in the respiratory tract.
e.
skin.
20. Which of the following terms is most characteristic of innate immunity?
a.
specificity
b.
memory
c.
gene rearrangement
d.
phagocytosis
e.
clonal selection
21. The leukocytes that are central to adaptive immunity are the
a.
lymphocytes.
b.
macrophages.
c.
neutrophils.
d.
mast cells.
e.
eosinophils.
22. How is antibody-mediated immunity different from cell-mediated immunity?
a.
Antibody-mediated immunity requires lymphocytes; cell-mediated immunity does not.
b.
Antibody-mediated immunity is innate; cell-mediated immunity is not.
c.
Antibody-mediated immunity is adaptive; cell-mediated immunity is not.
d.
Antibody-mediated immunity requires both B and T cells; cell-mediated immunity
requires T cells but not B cells.
e.
Antibody-mediated immunity requires T cells; cell-mediated immunity requires B cells.
23. Which of the following can serve as antigens?
a.
proteins
b.
carbohydrates
c.
nucleic acids
d.
proteins and carbohydrates
e.
proteins, carbohydrates and nucleic acids
24. An antibody molecule consists of a total of
a.
two polypeptide chains.
b.
four polypeptide chains.
c.
two polysaccharide chains.
d.
four polysaccharide chains.
e.
four phospholipids chains.
25. Antibodies are classified as
a.
nucleoproteins.
b.
immunoglobulins.
c.
steroids.
d.
carbohydrates.
e.
lipids.
26. Which of the following is NOT an antibody class in humans?
a.
IgA
b.
IgD
c.
IgE
d.
IgF
e.
IgG
Use the figure above for the following question(s).
27. The antigen-binding site is indicated by number
a.
1.
b.
2.
c.
4.
d.
5.
e.
6.
28. The constant region of a light chain is indicated by number
a.
1.
b.
2.
c.
3.
d.
4.
e.
5.
29. The variable region of a light chain is indicated by number
a.
1.
b.
2.
c.
3.
d.
4.
e.
5.
30. The constant region of a heavy chain is indicated by number
a.
1.
b.
2.
c.
3.
d.
4.
e.
5.
31. The hinge region is indicated by number
a.
1.
b.
2.
c.
4.
d.
5.
e.
6.
32. The region that determines the class of antibody is indicated by number
a.
1.
b.
2.
c.
3.
d.
4.
e.
5.
33. If an antibody serves as a B-cell receptor, it will bind to the host cell membrane via region number
a.
1.
b.
2.
c.
3.
d.
4.
e.
6.
34. Antibody diversity is due to genetic influences on the
a.
hinge region.
b.
heavy chain.
c.
constant region.
d.
light chain.
e.
variable region.
35. The major source of diversity for B and T cell receptors is
a.
mitosis.
b.
meiosis.
c.
transcript processing.
d.
random recombination of gene segments.
e.
mutation.
36. Consider two IgG molecules, each of which reacts with a different epitope. Which of the following
statement(s) is(are) TRUE?
a.
They will have the same amino acid sequence in their constant regions.
b.
They will have different amino acid sequences in their variable regions.
c.
They can bind the same antigen.
d.
They can bind different antigens.
e.
They can bind the same antibody.
37. The antibodies that activate the complement system are
a.
IgA and IgD.
b.
IgG and IgM.
c.
IgG and IgD.
d.
IgE and IgM.
e.
IgA and IgE.
38. How are B-cell receptors different from antibodies?
a.
B-cell receptors bind antigen, while antibodies do not.
b.
B-cell receptors do not contain heavy chains, while antibodies do.
c.
B-cell receptors include a variable region, while antibodies do not.
d.
B-cell receptors include a transmembrane domain, while antibodies do not.
e.
B-cell receptors are produced by B cells, while antibodies are not.
39. How are B-cell receptors different from T-cell receptors?
a.
B-cell receptors bind antigen, while T-cell receptors do not.
b.
B-cell receptors have a more complex structure.
c.
B-cell receptors have a more simple structure.
d.
B-cell receptors are bound to the cell membrane, while T-cell receptors are bound to the
nuclear membrane.
e.
B-cell receptors stimulate the production of a clone of cells.
40. Which of the following BEST describes an epitope?
a.
the antigen binding site of an antibody molecule
b.
found only in IgG and IgM
c.
part of an antigen that stimulates production of, and binds to, a specific antibody
d.
too small to stimulate an immune response
e.
a complement protein that initiates lysis of target cells
41. Dendritic cells enter the ____ and alert T cells to threats.
a.
blood
b.
lymph nodes
c.
bone marrow
d.
liver
e.
lung
42. A CD4+ T cell binds to an antigen only if this antigen
a.
is in a complex with a class I MHC protein.
b.
is in a complex with a class II MHC protein.
c.
is in a complex with a class III MHC protein.
d.
is NOT in a complex with MHC proteins.
e.
is presented on the surface of a B cell.
43. Helper T cells secrete ____, which activate B cells and stimulate their proliferation.
a.
antigens
b.
allergens
c.
antibodies
d.
interferons
e.
interleukins
Use the figure above for the following question(s).
44. The interval between points A and C may be as long as several
a.
hours.
b.
days.
c.
weeks.
d.
months.
e.
years.
45. In the curve on the graph labeled “B“, effector B cells are produced between weeks
a.
0 and 1.
b.
0 and 2.
c.
2 and 3.
d.
2 and 4.
e.
2 and 5.
46. Which of the following describes the curve labeled “D” on graph?
a.
a primary response to the initial antigen
b.
a secondary response to the initial antigen
c.
a primary response to an antigen distinctly different from the initial antigen
d.
a secondary response to an antigen distinctly different from the initial antigen
e.
none of the these
47. Which of the following describes the curve labeled “E” on the graph?
a.
a primary response to the initial antigen
b.
a secondary response to the initial antigen
c.
a primary response to an antigen distinctly different from the initial antigen
d.
a secondary response to an antigen distinctly different from the initial antigen
e.
a tertiary response to the initial antigen
48. Which immune system component has a principal role in the curve labeled “D” on the graph?
a.
IgM
b.
IgA
c.
cytotoxic T cells
d.
memory cells
e.
NK cells
49. Arrange the steps of antibody-mediated immunity in the proper order.
1)
Plasma cells secrete antibodies.
2)
Helper T cells interact with B cells displaying the same antigen-MHC complex.
3)
Contact with antigen.
4)
Clones of B cells produced.
5)
Fragmentation of antigen.
a.
3, 2, 5, 1, 4
b.
3, 5, 2, 4, 1
c.
1, 3, 5, 2, 4
d.
4, 3, 2, 1, 5
e.
5, 3, 4, 2, 1
50. Which of the following statements best describes the clonal selection theory?
a.
B cells differentiate into plasma cells and T cells.
b.
An antibody is flexible and can change shape to bind different antigens.
c.
An individual contains a single type of B cell.
d.
Each B cell can produce many types of antibodies, each of which reacts with a different
antigen.
e.
An individual contains many types of B cells, and each secretes only one kind of antibody.