CHAPTER 44—THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Augustus Waller invented a machine that measures
a.
blood pressure when the ventricles are contracting.
b.
blood pressure when the ventricles are relaxed.
c.
cardiac output.
d.
electrical activity of the brain.
e.
electrical activity of the heart.
2. In Waller’s experiment, he placed one front paw and one back paw of a dog into pans containing
a.
carbon dioxide.
b.
iron.
c.
mercury.
d.
pure water.
e.
salt solution.
3. Which of the following is an accessory system of vessels and organs that helps balance the fluid
content of the blood and surrounding tissues?
a.
Circulatory system.
b.
Non-circulatory system.
c.
Accessory vessel system.
d.
Lymphatic system.
e.
Heart.
4. Which of the following animals has a gastrovascular cavity?
a.
earthworm
b.
fish
c.
hydra
d.
insect
e.
sponge
5. An animal’s circulatory system should contain all of the following EXCEPT
a.
blood to transport carbon dioxide and oxygen.
b.
blood vessels leading away from the heart.
c.
blood vessels leading to the heart.
d.
a heart to pump the blood.
e.
nitrogen to transport wastes
6. The gastrovascular cavity of a sponge serves important functions in both the circulatory system and the
a.
digestive system.
b.
endocrine system.
c.
muscular system.
d.
reproductive system.
e.
urinary system.
7. Which of the following statements is correct concerning an open circulatory system?
a.
Blood is contained in blood vessels.
b.
It contains two circulatory systems.
c.
Hemolymph and interstitial fluids mix together.
d.
It is more efficient than a closed system.
e.
Sinuses are never present.
8. Amphibians can accomplish gas exchange by using
a.
gills.
b.
lungs.
c.
respiration through the skin.
d.
both gills and lungs.
e.
gills, lungs and respiration through the skin.
9. The purpose(s) of the pulmonary circuit in a closed circulatory system is to
a.
collect and distribute blood within the heart.
b.
take blood to and from all parts of the body.
c.
take blood to and from the lungs.
d.
collect and distribute blood within the heart and take blood to and from all parts of the
body.
e.
take blood to and from all parts of the body and take blood to and from the lungs.
10. Plasma approximately makes up what percent of the total blood volume?
a.
10 percent
b.
25 percent
c.
50 percent
d.
75 percent
e.
90 percent
11. Hematocrit approximately makes up what percent of the total blood volume?
a.
10 percent
b.
25 percent
c.
45 percent
d.
50 percent
e.
70 percent
12. In humans, blood cells are produced in the
a.
bone marrow.
b.
heart.
c.
kidneys.
d.
liver.
e.
lymph nodes.
13. Which component of plasma constitutes antibodies?
a.
albumin
b.
dissolved gases
c.
fibrinogen
d.
hormones
e.
immunoglobulins
14. Which two components of blood involve the formation of clots?
a.
albumin and fibrinogen
b.
albumin and leukocytes
c.
fibrinogen and erythrocytes
d.
fibrinogen and platelets
e.
platelets and albumin
15. What percent of plasma is water?
a.
10 percent
b.
27 percent
c.
55 percent
d.
77 percent
e.
92 percent
16. Which two ions are the most abundant in plasma?
a.
HCO3− and Ca2+
b.
HCO3− and Cl−
c.
Na+ and Ca2+
d.
Na+ and Cl−
e.
Na+ and K+
17. What is the function of erythrocytes?
a.
carry oxygen
b.
form clots
c.
fight off infections
d.
produce blood cells
e.
secrete erythropoietin
18. Which components of blood are the smallest in size?
a.
erythrocytes
b.
leukocytes
c.
platelets
d.
erythrocytes and platelets are the same size
e.
erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets are the same size
19. Which type of leukocyte is the most prevalent in a normal individual?
a.
basophils
b.
eosinophils
c.
lymphocytes
d.
monocytes
e.
neutrophils
20. Erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates stem cells in bone marrow to increase erythrocyte
production, is produced in the
a.
bone marrow.
b.
heart.
c.
kidneys.
d.
liver.
e.
lymph nodes.
21. The function of valves in the heart is to
a.
form blood cells.
b.
participate in immunity.
c.
prevent backflow of blood.
d.
prevent clot formation.
e.
push blood ahead.
22. When blood returns from the pulmonary circuit, it first enters which chamber of the heart?
a.
left atrium
b.
left ventricle
c.
right atrium
d.
right ventricle
e.
both the left atrium and the right atrium
23. The average heart of a human beats ____ times per minute.
a.
10
b.
53
c.
72
d.
95
e.
120
24. The “lub” heart sound represents
a.
a heart murmur.
b.
closure of the AV valves.
c.
closure of the SL valves.
d.
hypertension.
e.
movement of actual heart muscle.
25. Hypertension can be caused by all of the following EXCEPT
a.
abnormalities of the cortex of the adrenal glands.
b.
advanced age.
c.
certain medications.
d.
kidney disease.
e.
exercise
26. An atrioventricular valve would be located
a.
between the left atrium and the left ventricle.
b.
between the right atrium and the right ventricle.
c.
where blood is entering the aorta.
d.
where blood is entering the pulmonary arteries.
e.
between the left atrium and the left ventricle, and between the right atrium and the right
ventricle.
27. Where is the sinoatrial node located?
a.
left atrium
b.
left ventricle
c.
pulmonary artery
d.
right atrium
e.
right ventricle
28. Which is the proper order of the components of the electrical activity of the heart?
a.
AV node − Purkinje fibers − SA node
b.
AV node − SA node − Purkinje fibers
c.
Purkinje fibers − AV node − SA node
d.
Purkinje fibers − SA node − AV node
e.
SA node − AV node − Purkinje fibers
29. While running,
a.
only your diastolic blood pressure would elevate.
b.
only your systolic blood pressure would elevate.
c.
both your diastolic and systolic blood pressure would elevate.
d.
both your diastolic and systolic blood pressure would decrease.
e.
there would be no change in either your diastolic or your systolic blood pressure.
30. In which type of blood vessel is the pressure the greatest?
a.
arterioles
b.
arteries
c.
capillaries
d.
veins
e.
venules
31. Which of the following would be the most likely cause of deep venous thrombosis?
a.
anemia
b.
decreased skeletal muscle action
c.
high blood pressure
d.
increased skeletal muscle action
e.
low blood pressure
32. Which structure(s) could be considered to be blood reservoirs?
a.
arteries
b.
arterioles
c.
capillaries
d.
heart
e.
veins
33. Atherosclerosis is
a.
a clot in an artery.
b.
build up of plaque in an artery.
c.
build up of plaque in a vein.
d.
high blood pressure.
e.
low blood pressure.
34. Actual gas exchange occurs through the walls of which type of vessel?
a.
arteries
b.
arterioles
c.
capillaries
d.
veins
e.
venules
35. Atherosclerosis
a.
decreases the size of the lumen of arteries.
b.
effects the diameter of veins.
c.
has no effect on the size of the lumen of arteries.
d.
increases the size of the lumen of arteries.
e.
presents many clinical symptoms immediately.
36. The main force that moves blood throughout the system of blood vessels is
a.
arterial blood pressure.
b.
skeletal muscle action.
c.
smooth muscle action.
d.
valve action.
e.
venous blood pressure.
37. Where are baroreceptors located?
a.
adrenal glands
b.
brainstem
c.
heart
d.
erythrocytes
e.
walls of blood vessels
38. Which of the choices below illustrates the control of cardiac output?
a.
baroreceptors − brainstem − heart
b.
baroreceptors − heart − brainstem
c.
brainstem − baroreceptors − heart
d.
brainstem − heart − baroreceptors
e.
heart − baroreceptors − brainstem
39. When the body experiences stress, the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
stimulates the adrenal medulla to release
a.
epinephrine.
b.
norepinephrine.
c.
knockout hormones.
d.
epinephrine and norepinephrine.
e.
epinephrine, norepinephrine, and knockout hormones.
40. The first evidence that the vasodilatory signal molecule was produced by _____ was in ______.
a.
ntiric oxide; 1998
b.
endothelial cells; 1980
c.
nitric oxide; 1980
d.
endothelial cells; 1998
e.
rabbit aorta; 1998
41. Lymph moves throughout the lymph vessels due to
a.
action of the heart.
b.
conscious actions.
c.
constriction of blood vessels.
d.
dilation of blood vessels.
e.
skeletal muscle and breathing movements.
42. How much fluid does the lymphatic system return to the bloodstream each day?
a.
1 to 2 liters
b.
3 to 4 liters
c.
6 to 7 liters
d.
10 to 13 liters
e.
more than 50 liters
43. What is the structure of a lymph capillary?
a.
endothelial cells surrounded by collagen fibers
b.
endothelial cells surrounded by elastic fibers
c.
collagen fibers only
d.
elastic fibers only
e.
endothelial cells only
44. Which of the following structures all contain valves?
a.
arteries and veins
b.
arteries and heart
c.
arteries, capillaries, heart
d.
lymph capillaries, arteries, heart
e.
lymph capillaries, veins, heart
45. What is thought to help explain the evolution of the blood clotting mechanism?
a.
constant mutations
b.
direct response to environmental factors
c.
gene duplication
d.
sharing of gene pools between species
e.
inbreeding
46. Which two animals listed below do NOT contain an actual circulatory system?
a.
grasshopper and fish
b.
grasshopper and hydra
c.
hydra and fish
d.
sponge and fish
e.
sponge and hydra
47. Which type of blood cell is NOT produced from myeloid stem cells?
a.
basophils
b.
B lymphocytes
c.
eosinophils
d.
erythrocytes
e.
neutrophils
48. Which of the following vessels does NOT carry deoxygenated (lacking oxygen) blood?
a.
inferior vena cava
b.
pulmonary artery
c.
pulmonary vein
d.
superior vena cava
e.
capillaries
49. Which of the following would NOT be likely to pass easily through capillary walls?
a.
erythrocytes
b.
glucose
c.
ions
d.
water
e.
carbon dioxide
MATCHING
Match the animals to the appropriate description of their circulatory system:
a.
Heart has two chambers and one circuit
b.
Heart has three chambers and two circuits
c.
Heart has three chambers (and a partially formed septum in the ventricle) and two circuits
d.
Heart has four chambers and two circuits
50. amphibians
51. fish
52. mammals
53. snakes
Labeling
Use the list of structures below to label the diagram of the human heart.
54. aorta
55. inferior vena cava
56. left atrium
57. left pulmonary veins
58. left ventricle
883
59. pulmonary arteries
60. right pulmonary veins
61. right ventricle
62. septum
63. superior vena cava
64. valve (two valves are labeled)
884
Labeling
Label these important structures of the lymphatic system.
65. lymph nodes
66. lymph vessels
67. right lymphatic duct
68. spleen
69. thoracic duct
70. thymus
71. tonsils
SHORT ANSWER
72. Why must an animal such as an amphibian remain moist?
73. Why would an iron deficiency result in anemia?
74. Why is exposure to carbon monoxide so hazardous to the body?
75. A hemophiliac contains adequate numbers of platelets. Why does he therefore have trouble with clot
formation?
76. Why do veins have less elastic components than arteries?
886
77. Why is the movement of blood in veins sometimes described as “milking a vein”?
78. What is meant by the term blood-brain barrier?
79. What are the three factors that regulate blood pressure?
OTHER
80. As deoxygenated blood (blood lacking oxygen) enters the heart, list the following structures in the
correct order.
A.
aorta
B.
left atrium
C.
left ventricle
D.
lungs
E.
pulmonary arteries
F.
pulmonary veins
G.
right atrium
H.
right ventricle
first structure
second structure
third structure
fourth structure
fifth structure
sixth structure
seventh structure
eighth structure
G
H
E
D
F
B
C
A
ANS:
81. In the human systemic circulation, list the blood vessels that are encountered as the blood leaves the
heart.
A.
arteries
B.
arterioles
C.
capillaries
D.
veins
E.
venules
first vessel category
second vessel category
third vessel category
fourth vessel category
fifth vessel category
A
B
C
E
D
ANS:
MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE
If the statement is true, answer “T“. If the statement is false, answer “F” and make it correct by
changing the underlined word(s) and writing the correct word(s) in the answer blank(s).
82. Diffusion is slow over distances of a few millimeters, making diffusion an unsuitable mechanism for
large animals to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between the external environment and body
tissues and cells.
83. The primary function of erythrocytes is to participate in immune reactions.
84. The systolic blood pressure is the time of the most pressure in the arteries.
85. The risk of heart attacks and stroke can be reduced by avoiding the conditions that damage the blood
vessel artheroslerotic plaque.
86. When experiencing stress, the sympathetic nervous system decreases your blood pressure.
87. Cardiac output is defined as the pressure and amount of blood pumped by the ventricles.
88. Lymph capillaries are smaller in diameter than blood capillaries.
ESSAY
89. Describe several reasons why blood flows more slowly in capillaries than in arteries?
90. How do lymph nodes aid in a cancer diagnosis?