Campbell’s Biology, 9e (Reece et al.)
Chapter 42 Circulation and Gas Exchange
Substantial emphasis is placed in Chapter 42 on the big picture of animals existing only by virtue of
exchanging matter with their environments. In particular, oxygen and carbon dioxide dynamics are
explored in a wide variety of animals, with close investigation of the diverse structures and functions
involved in gas exchange. The Test Bank questions assess learning across many levels of inquiry, from
atomic to organismal.
Multiple-Choice Questions
1) Gas exchange in the aquatic salamander known as the axolotl is correctly described as
A) active transport to move oxygen into the salamander from the water.
B) carrier-mediated transport to move oxygen into the salamander from the water.
C) facilitated diffusion of carbon dioxide from the salamander into the water.
D) simple diffusion of oxygen into the salamander from the water.
E) active transport of carbon dioxide from the salamander into the water.
2) Circulatory systems have the primary benefit of overcoming the shortcomings of
A) temperature differences between the lungs and the active tissue.
B) the slow rate at which diffusion occurs across cells.
C) communication systems involving only the nervous system.
D) having to cushion animals from trauma.
E) fetal organisms maintaining an optimal body temperature.
3) To become bound to hemoglobin for transport in a mammal, atmospheric molecules of oxygen must
cross
A) zero membranes oxygen binds directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the
blood.
B) one membrane that of the lining in the lungs and then bind directly to hemoglobin, a protein
dissolved in the plasma of the blood.
C) two membranes in and out of the cell lining the lung and then bind directly to hemoglobin, a
protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood.
D) four membranes in and out of the cell lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial cell lining the
pulmonary capillary–and then bind directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the
blood.
E) five membranes in and out of the cell lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial cell lining the
pulmonary capillary, and into the red blood cell to bind with hemoglobin.
4) The fluid that moves around in the circulatory system of a typical arthropod is
A) the digestive juices.
B) the intracellular fluid.
C) the blood plasma.
D) the cytosol.
E) the interstitial fluid.
5) Circulatory systems in molluscs
A) are open in all species of molluscs.
B) are closed in all species of molluscs.
C) are open in species of large-sized molluscs and are closed in species of small-sized molluscs.
D) are open in species of small-sized molluscs and are closed in species of large-sized molluscs.
E) are open or closed without regard to body size.
6) The circulatory system of bony fishes, rays, and sharks is similar to
A) that of birds, with a four-chambered heart.
B) the portal systems of mammals, where two capillary beds occur sequentially, without passage of
blood through a pumping chamber.
C) that of reptiles, with one pumping chamber driving blood flow to a gas-exchange organ, and a
different pumping chamber driving blood to the rest of the circulation.
D) that of sponges, where gas exchange in all cells occurs directly with the external environment.
E) that of humans, where there are four pumping chambers to drive blood flow.
7) A significant increase in the amount of interstitial fluid surrounding the capillary beds of a human’s
lungs will cause
A) an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide moving from the blood to the lungs.
B) an increase in the amount of oxygen moving from the lungs into the blood.
C) a decrease in the amount of oxygen moving from the lungs into the blood.
D) an increase of pressure that would cause the capillary beds to burst.
E) a decrease in the amount of work needed for effective ventilation of the lungs.
8) Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the
body’s cells are likely to have
A) an open circulatory system.
B) a closed circulatory system.
C) a gastrovascular cavity.
D) branched tracheae.
E) hemolymph.
9) In which of the following organisms does blood flow from the pulmocutaneous circulation to the
heart before circulating through the rest of the body?
A) annelids
B) molluscs
C) fishes
D) frogs
E) insects
10) The only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without
first returning to the heart are the
A) amphibians.
B) birds.
C) fishes.
D) mammals.
E) reptiles.
11) To adjust blood pressure independently in the capillaries of the gas-exchange surface and in the
capillaries of the general body circulation, an organism would need a(n)
A) open circulatory system.
B) hemocoel.
C) lymphatic system.
D) two-chambered heart.
E) four-chambered heart.
12) A portal system is
A) an area connecting arterioles to venules.
B) a series of vessels that returns blood to the heart in an animal with an open circulatory system.
C) a space within or between organs where blood is allowed to pool.
D) a slightly muscular vessel that has minimal pumping action in an organism with no heart.
E) a vessel or vessels connecting two capillary beds.
13) Which of the following develops the greatest pressure on the blood in the mammalian aorta?
A) systole of the left atrium
B) diastole of the right ventricle
C) systole of the left ventricle
D) diastole of the right atrium
E) diastole of the left atrium
14) Which of the following pairs of mammalian blood vessels has blood that is the least similar in its gas
content?
A) the pulmonary vein and the jugular vein
B) the veins from the right and left legs
C) the pulmonary artery and the vena cava
D) the pulmonary vein and the aorta
E) the inferior vena cava and the superior vena cava
15) After several weeks of exercise, a human athlete’s resting heart rate is typically lower than before
because
A) the body needs less oxygen than before.
B) the body temperature has increased.
C) the stroke volume has increased.
D) the cardiac output has decreased.
E) the body produces less carbon dioxide than before.
16) A human red blood cell in an artery of the left arm is on its way to deliver oxygen to a cell in the
thumb. To travel from the artery in the arm to the left ventricle, this red blood cell must pass through
A) one capillary bed.
B) two capillary beds.
C) three capillary beds.
D) four capillary beds.
E) five capillary beds.
17) Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in reptiles and mammals?
A) left ventricle → aorta → lungs → systemic circulation
B) right ventricle → pulmonary vein → pulmocutaneous circulation
C) pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle → pulmonary circuit
D) vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary circuit
E) right atrium → pulmonary artery → left atrium → ventricle
18) A patient with a blood pressure of 120/75, a pulse rate of 40 beats/minute, a stroke volume of 70
mL/beat, and a respiratory rate of 25 breaths/minute will have a cardiac output of
A) 500 mL/minute.
B) 1,000 mL/minute.
C) 1,750 mL/minute.
D) 2,800 mL/minute.
E) 4,800 mL/minute.
19) Damage to the sinoatrial node in humans
A) is a major contributor to heart attacks.
B) would block conductance between the bundle branches and the Purkinje fibers.
C) would have a negative effect on peripheral resistance.
D) would disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions.
E) would have a direct effect on blood pressure monitors in the aorta.
20) A stroke volume in the heart of 70 mL/cycle, with a pulse of 72 cycles per minute, results in a
cardiac output of
A) 5 L/minute.
B) 504 mL/minute.
C) 0.5 L/minute.
D) 50 L/minute.
E) 500 L/minute.
21) The semilunar valves of the mammalian heart
A) are the route by which blood flows from the atria to the ventricles.
B) are found only on the right side of the heart.
C) are the attachment site where the pulmonary veins empty into the heart.
D) prevent backflow of blood in the aorta and pulmonary arteries.
E) are at the places where the anterior and posterior venae cavae empty into the heart.
22) The material present in arterioles that is not present in capillaries is
A) fully oxygenated blood.
B) plasma in which carbon dioxide has been added.
C) a lining of endothelial cells.
D) circular smooth muscle cells that can alter the size of the arterioles.
E) white blood cells and platelets.
23) The set of blood vessels with the slowest velocity of blood flow is
A) the arteries.
B) the arterioles.
C) the metarterioles.
D) the capillaries.
E) the veins.
24) The set of blood vessels with the lowest blood pressure driving flow is
A) the arteries.
B) the arterioles.
C) the metarterioles.
D) the capillaries.
E) the veins.
25) An increased concentration of nitric oxide within a vascular bed is associated with
A) vasoconstriction.
B) vasodilation.
C) narrowing of the arteries.
D) a reduction in blood flow in that region.
E) a decreased amount of blood in the capillaries of that vascular bed.
26) Among the following choices, which organism likely has the highest systolic pressure?
A) mouse
B) rabbit
C) human
D) hippopotamus
E) giraffe
27) Small swollen areas in the neck, groin, and axillary region are associated with
A) increased activity of the immune system.
B) a broken limb.
C) blood sugar that is abnormally high.
D) dehydration.
E) sodium depletion.
28) The velocity of blood flow is the lowest in capillaries because
A) the capillary walls are not thin enough to allow oxygen to exchange with the cells.
B) the capillaries are far from the heart, and blood flow slows as distance from the heart increases.
C) the diastolic blood pressure is too low to deliver blood to the capillaries at a high flow rate.
D) the systemic capillaries are supplied by the left ventricle, which has a lower cardiac output than the
right ventricle.
E) the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the
arteries or any other part of the circulatory system.
29) The blood pressure is lowest in the
A) aorta.
B) arteries.
C) arterioles.
D) capillaries.
E) venae cavae.
30) Fluid is filtered out of the bloodstream into the surrounding interstitial fluid at the arteriole end of
systemic capillaries because
A) the osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is greater than that of the blood.
B) the hydrostatic pressure of the blood is less than that of the interstitial fluid.
C) the hydrostatic pressure of the blood is greater than the osmotic pressure of the blood.
D) the osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the blood.
E) the osmotic pressure of the blood is greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid.
31) If, during protein starvation, the osmotic pressure on the venous side of capillary beds drops below
the hydrostatic pressure, then
A) hemoglobin will not release oxygen.
B) fluids will tend to accumulate in tissues.
C) the pH of the interstitial fluids will increase.
D) most carbon dioxide will be bound to hemoglobin and carried away from tissues.
E) plasma proteins will escape through the endothelium of the capillaries.
32) What will be the long-term effect of blocking the lymphatic vessels associated with a capillary bed?
A) more fluid entering the venous capillaries
B) an increase in the blood pressure in the capillary bed
C) the accumulation of more fluid in the interstitial areas
D) fewer proteins leaking out of the blood to enter the interstitial fluid
E) the area of the blockage becoming abnormally small
33) A species that has a normal resting systolic blood pressure of >260 mm Hg is likely to be
A) an animal that is small and compact, without the need to pump blood very far from the heart.
B) an animal with abundant lipid storage.
C) a species that has very wide diameter veins.
D) an animal that has a very long distance between its heart and its brain.
E) an animal that makes frequent, quick motions.
34) Dialysis patients, who will have blood withdrawn, dialyzed, then replaced, are always weighed when
they enter the facility and then weighed carefully again before they leave, because
A) even small changes in body weight may signify changes in blood volume and therefore blood
pressure.
B) many people who have dialysis are diabetic and must control their weight carefully.
C) dialysis removes blood proteins and these weigh more than other blood components.
D) dialysis is likely to cause edema and such swelling must be controlled.
E) reclining posture during dialysis can cause a tendency for weight gain.
35) Large proteins such as albumin remain in capillaries rather than diffusing out, resulting in the
A) loss of osmotic pressure in the capillaries.
B) development of an osmotic pressure difference across capillary walls.
C) loss of fluid from capillaries.
D) increased diffusion of CO2.
E) increased diffusion of Hb.
36) Vasoconstriction in the gut is a likely response when an individual is
A) lying down after standing up.
B) standing up after lying down.
C) stressed and secreting stress hormones.
D) responding to increased blood pressure.
E) having an allergy attack with lots of histamine secretion.
37) The diagnosis of hypertension in adults is based on the
A) measurement of fatty deposits on the endothelium of arteries.
B) measurement of the LDL/HDL ratio in peripheral blood.
C) percent of blood volume made up of platelets.
D) blood pressure being greater than 140 mm Hg systolic and/or >90 diastolic.
E) number of leukocytes per mm3 of blood.
38) Among these choices, the biggest set that includes only those “cells” that lack nuclei is
A) platelets.
B) platelets and erythrocytes.
C) platelets, erythrocytes, and basophils.
D) platelets, erythrocytes, basophils, and neutrophils.
E) platelets, erythrocytes, basophils, neutrophils, and monocytes.
39) In a healthy human, the typical life span of a red blood cell is
A) 24 hours.
B) one week.
C) one month.
D) four months.
E) 80 years or more.
40) The hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells, and the organ where this hormone is
synthesized, are
A) growth hormone and pancreas, respectively.
B) erythropoietin and kidney, respectively.
C) cortisol and adrenal gland, respectively.
D) epinephrine and adrenal gland, respectively.
E) acetylcholine and bone marrow, respectively.
41) Dissolved proteins in human plasma include which of the following?
I. fibrinogen
II. hemoglobin
III. immunoglobulin
A) I only
B) II only
C) I and III only
D) II and III only
E) I, II, and III
42) The plasma proteins in humans
A) maintain the blood’s osmotic pressure.
B) transport water-soluble lipids.
C) carry out gas exchange.
D) undergo aerobic metabolism.
E) transport oxygen.
43) Cyanide poisons mitochondria by blocking the final step in the electron transport chain. Human red
blood cells placed in an isotonic solution containing cyanide are likely to
A) retain the normal cell shape, but the mitochondria will be poisoned.
B) lyse as the cyanide concentration increases inside the cell.
C) switch to anaerobic metabolism.
D) become unable to carry oxygen.
E) be unaffected.
44) Heart rate will increase in the presence of increased
A) low-density lipoproteins.
B) immunoglobulins.
C) erythropoietin.
D) epinephrine.
E) platelets.
45) The production of red blood cells is stimulated by
A) low-density lipoproteins.
B) immunoglobulins.
C) erythropoietin.
D) epinephrine.
E) platelets.
46) The meshwork that forms the fabric of a blood clot is
A) chymotrypsin.
B) fibrin.
C) thrombin.
D) prothrombin.
E) collagen.
47) A normal event in the process of blood clotting is the
A) production of erythropoietin.
B) conversion of fibrin to fibrinogen.
C) activation of prothrombin to thrombin.
D) increase in platelets.
E) synthesis of hemoglobin.
48) When the air in a testing chamber is specially mixed so that its oxygen content is 10% and its overall
air pressure is 400 mm Hg, then PO2 is
A) 400 mm Hg.
B) 82 mm Hg.
C) 40 mm Hg.
D) 21 mm Hg.
E) 4 mm Hg.