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54. Magnetoreceptors ____.
a.
are well characterized and understood
b.
are known to rely on the mineral magnetite
c.
have been theorized to help many types of animals navigate huge distances in their annual
migrations
d.
have been studied only in homing pigeons
e.
have been studied primarily in moths
55. How was the navigation ability of young loggerhead sea turtles studied by Kenneth Lohmann?
a.
He placed radio transmitters on the shells of numerous hatchlings and tracked their
migration patterns in the Atlantic ocean.
b.
He genetically engineered turtles so they lacked magnetoreceptors and then studied their
behavior compared to a control group.
c.
He subjected turtles to an electromagnetic field opposite that of Earth’s magnetic field, and
then tracked the direction the hatchlings swam.
d.
The loggerhead turtles were injected with magnetite to see what impact it had on their
navigation.
e.
Small magnets were glued to the hatchlings’ shells, and their behaviors were monitored.
56. Synesthesia occurs when
a.
one sense is confused with another.
b.
two senses are perceived together.
c.
three senses are perceived together.
d.
sight and vision are perceived together.
e.
vision, taste, and pain are perceived together.
MATCHING
Match each of the following terms with its correct definition.
a.
A single unit of a compound eye
b.
Allow animals to detect and use Earth’s magnetic field for navigation
c.
Creates pressure waves in the cochlea as it vibrates
d.
A reduction in the frequency of action potentials generated by afferent neurons even
though the stimulus has not changed
e.
Commonly known as the ear drum
f.
Specialized receptors that detect electrical fields.
g.
The clear, viscous liquid filling the human eye cavity between the retina and lens
h.
The terrestrial vertebrates’ method of perceiving motion and position of the head
i.
The process of converting a stimulus into a change in the membrane potential
j.
Cells in the human eye that connect bipolar cells and ganglion cells
k.
Dendrites of afferent neurons, or specialized cells that synapse with afferent neurons, that
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can gather information about the environment
l.
Calcium carbonate crystals that bend stereocilia as a result of movement of the head
m.
Eliminates pressure differentials that can occur between the outer and middle ear
n.
The process by which the contrast between dark and light is increased in visual processing
in the mammalian eye
o.
A family of photopigments consisting of opsins combined with retinal
p.
A photopigment found in vertebrate and invertebrate eyes alike
q.
The liquid between the cornea and lens of a human eye
r.
Cells in the human eye that connect different photoreceptor cells to each other
s.
Where a portion of each optic nerve crosses to the opposite side of the brain
t.
Detect stimuli used for balance and the perception of body position
u.
A small region in the retina where cones are concentrated
v.
Specialized muscle cells surrounded by afferent neuron dendrites; detect the degree of
stretching a muscle is undergoing
w.
The site in the thalamus where most optic axons make synapses with interneurons leading
to the visual cortex
x.
hollow sensory bristles in insects
57. sensory receptor
58. sensory transduction
59. sensory adaptation
60. proprioceptors
61. vestibular apparatus
62. otoliths
63. muscle spindles
64. oval window
65. tympanic membrane
66. Eustachian tube
67. ommatidia
68. rhodopsin
69. aqueous humor
70. vitreous humor
71. fovea
72. amacrine cells
73. lateral inhibition
74. horizontal cell
75. photopsins
76. optic chiasm
77. lateral geniculate nuclei
78. sensilla
79. electroreceptors
80. magnetoreceptors
Classification
Use the five receptor types listed below for the following question(s).
a.
mechanoreceptors
b.
photoreceptors
c.
chemoreceptors
d.
thermoreceptors
e.
nociceptors
81. stimulus may result in a sensation of pain
82. detects tissue damage
83. used to detect motion of an organism’s own body
84. perceives specific chemical conditions, such as alkalinity
85. detects specific molecules, such as glucose
86. detects the flow of heat energy
87. perceives temperature changes on the body’s surface
88. would detect an increase in pressure against the skin
89. perceives light energy
90. perceives damage in some internal organs
Labeling
Identify each numbered part of a neuromast shown in the figure below.
91. Stereocilia
92. Supporting cell
93. Gelatinous cupula
94. Sensory hair cell
95. Afferent nerve fiber
Labeling
Identify each numbered part of a vestibular apparatus shown in the figure below.
96. posterior semicircular canal
97. lateral semicircular canal
98. otoliths
99. sensory hair cells
100. afferent semicircular canal
101. utricle
102. stereocilia
103. saccule
104. afferent neurons
Labeling
Identify each numbered part of the human eye shown in the figure below.
105. blind spot
106. retina
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107. lens
108. choroid
109. sclera
110. pupil
111. iris
112. aqueous humor
113. cornea
114. ciliary body
115. ciliary muscle
116. optic nerve
117. fovea
118. vitreous humor
Labeling
Identify each numbered cell in the human eye shown in the figure below.
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119. ganglion
120. cone
121. optic nerve
122. bipolar cell
123. rod
124. horizontal cell
125. amacrine cell
Labeling
Identify each numbered structure, cell, or secretion in the human system for smell shown in the figure
below.
126. mucus
127. bone
128. olfactory bulb
129. olfactory receptor cells
130. supporting cells
131. sensory hairs
SHORT ANSWER
132. Define sensory adaptation.
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133. Explain the general process of sensory transduction.
134. Explain how proprioceptors work.
135. Why might you purposely yawn when you descend to land while flying in an airplane?
MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE
If the statement is true, answer “T“. If the statement is false, answer “F” and make it correct by
changing the underlined word(s) and writing the correct word(s) in the answer blank(s).
136. A deaf whale lacks the ability to perceive its environment through echolocation.
137. Chronic pain is due, in part, to the adapting nature of pain receptors that diminishes the frequency of
action potentials over time.
138. A particular type of sensory neuron will only relay information about that sensory input. (A pressure
sensor will not respond to a different temperature.)
139. Neuromasts are always located on the fish’s body surface.
140. The human vestibular apparatus is a nonadapting sensory system.
141. All animals perceive light using different forms of a pigment called retinal.
142. In mammalian eyes, light must pass through neural cells to reach the photoreceptors in the retina.
143. There is a network of blood vessels covering the surface of the retina through which light must pass to
reach the rods and cones of the eye.
144. Rods and cones both have four segments and each segment has a specialized function.
145. Many invertebrates have separate and differentiated receptors for taste and smell, while others have a
single receptor for both.
146. Human thermoreceptors which respond at temperatures of 43C and above produce a pain response
rather than participating in thermoregulation.
147. Humans have different thermoreceptors for heat and cold.
ESSAY
148. Explain why adaptation of pain receptors would not be desirable and yet the adaptation of other
sensory systems is beneficial.
149. Compare mammal eyes specialized for daytime vision versus specialized for nighttime vision.