CHAPTER 41—SENSORY SYSTEMS
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Bats use high ultrasonic sounds to perceive their environment much like humans use radar. In animals,
this process of detecting objects is called
a.
sound reflection navigation.
b.
extra sensory perception.
c.
echolocation.
d.
ultralocation.
e.
auditory navigation.
2. Which of the following animals do NOT use echolocation?
a.
Bats
b.
Porpoises
c.
Dolphins
d.
Moths
e.
Whales
3. One strategy moths have for evading bats is
a.
the ability to become invisible to the bat’s echolocation signals.
b.
straight-line flight patterns.
c.
a periodic closed-wing free-fall before resuming an erratic flight pattern.
d.
an erratic flight pattern, but no instances of free-fall.
e.
flying primarily in the daylight hours.
4. Which of the following is NOT a stimulus that can be perceived by sensory signals?
a.
radiation
b.
heat
c.
body position
d.
magnetic fields
e.
electrical fields
5. Organisms can perceive different intensities of a stimulus by
a.
an increase in the frequency of action potentials of an afferent neuron.
b.
an increase in intensity of the action potentials of an afferent neuron.
c.
an increase in the numbers of afferent neurons generating action potentials.
d.
an increase in intensity and frequency of action potentials as well as an increase in the
number of cells generating action potentials.
e.
an increase in the frequency of action potentials generated by an afferent neuron as well as
an increase in the numbers of afferent neurons generating action potentials, but without
any change in the intensity of individual action potentials generated by the neurons.
6. Sensory adaptation
a.
increases one’s sensitivity to changes in environmental stimuli.
b.
increases one’s sensitivity to constant stimuli.
c.
is primarily associated with pain receptors.
d.
functions the same way in all types of sensory receptors.
e.
is unique to predator animals.
7. Mechanoreceptors for touch and pressure are located in numerous locations in the vertebrate body.
Which of the following is NOT a location of such mechanoreceptors in vertebrates?
a.
skin
b.
skeletal muscles
c.
internal organs
d.
walls of blood vessels
e.
bones
8. An invertebrate statocyst contains ____, which surround movable ____. Changes in body position
move the latter and thus trigger action potentials.
a.
statoliths; sensory hair cells
b.
sensory hair cells; statoliths
c.
otoliths; sensory hair cells
d.
efferent neurons; otoliths
e.
efferent neurons; statoliths
9. Fishes’ lateral line is comprised of multiple ____ that allow fish to detect vibrations and water currents.
a.
statoliths
b.
neuromasts
c.
statocysts
d.
stereocilia
e.
cupulas
10. The loss of function of this sensory structure renders fish unable to school.
a.
vestibular apparatus
b.
statocyst
c.
lateral line
d.
eyes
e.
saccule
11. Many aquatic invertebrates use this structure to perceive changes in their body’s position and
orientation.
a.
statocysts
b.
lateral line
c.
stereocilia
d.
saccule
e.
otoliths
12. The structure that detects stretch and compression forces in vertebrate tendons are called
a.
Golgi tendon organs.
b.
Golgi apparatus.
c.
stretch receptors.
d.
acellular proprioceptor.
e.
muscle spindles.
13. An earthworm detects sound
a.
through specialized tympanic membranes located near the head.
b.
through a thinned region of the exoskeleton.
c.
through general mechanoreceptors on its skin.
d.
by using a specialized organ that measures the frequency of vibration of the surrounding
dirt particles.
e.
through a series of mechanoreceptors arranged in a lateral line.
14. An insect such as a moth or cricket detects sound
a.
though specialized tympanic membranes located near the head.
b.
through a thinned region of the exoskeleton.
c.
through general mechanoreceptors on its skin.
d.
by using a specialized organ that measures the frequency of vibration of the surrounding
air particles.
e.
through a series of mechanoreceptors arranged in a lateral line.
15. In humans, where is the tympanic membrane?
a.
in the outer ear, adjacent to the pinna
b.
deep within the middle ear
c.
between the outer ear and the middle ear’s cavity
d.
adjacent to the stapes
e.
between the middle ear and inner ear
16. What is the combined function of the malleus, incus, and stapes?
a.
convert the mechanical vibration of the tympanic membrane into a pressure wave in the
cochlear duct
b.
amplify the vibrations of the ear drum
c.
equalize the pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane
d.
convert the oval window’s vibrations into vibrations of the tympanic membrane
e.
dampen the vibrations of the tympanic membrane
17. In a healthy human ear, where is fluid found?
a.
in the middle and inner ear
b.
in the vestibular canal and tympanic canals only
c.
in the outer ear canal, middle ear, and cochlea
d.
in the vestibular canal, tympanic canal, and cochlear duct
e.
in the vestibular canal, tympanic canal, and middle ear
Use the figure above for the following question(s).
18. In the figure above, which number identifies the tympanic membrane?
a.
4
b.
5
c.
6
d.
8
e.
10
19. In the figure above, which number identifies the location where the Organ of Corti might be found?
a.
2
b.
4
c.
6
d.
8
e.
10
20. In the figure above, which number identifies the structure that vibrates and DIRECTLY creates the
pressure waves in the cochlea’s fluid?
a.
1
b.
2
c.
3
d.
4
e.
5
21. In the figure above, which number identifies the structure that transmits auditory signals to the brain?
a.
2
b.
6
c.
7
d.
8
e.
9
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Use the figure above for the following question(s).
22. In the figure above, which structure vibrates and bends the sensory hairs?
a.
1
b.
2
c.
3
d.
4
e.
5
23. In the figure above, which label identifies the sensory hair cells?
a.
1
b.
2
c.
4
d.
5
e.
6
24. In the figure above, which label identifies the structure where the vibrations of the oval window pass?
a.
1
b.
2
c.
3
d.
5
e.
7
25. How is it that humans can perceive multiple sounds at once?
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a.
Each portion of the basilar membrane vibrates at a unique frequency, and multiple regions
can be stimulated at the same time.
b.
The more frequencies of sounds that are present, the further the sound travels into the
cochlea.
c.
We have two ears, each perceiving a subset of frequencies in the environment.
d.
The fluid in the middle ear can transmit multiple frequencies to the oval window.
e.
Sounds reaching the left or right ear result in different nerve impulses.
26. The simplest eye structure, which is able to perceive light but not form an image, is called a
a.
compound eye.
b.
single-lens eye.
c.
ocellus.
d.
ommatidia.
e.
photoreceptor.
27. Which eye is the best at detecting motion?
a.
compound eye
b.
single-lens eye
c.
ocellus
d.
ommatidia
e.
photoreceptor
28. What is the function of the iris?
a.
control the amount of light entering the eye
b.
focus the image on the retina
c.
respond to particular colors
d.
keep the lens under tension to allow for image focusing
e.
prevent light scattering upon entry to the eye
29. In the context of vision, what does accommodation mean?
a.
lack of receptor response to continued light signal
b.
changing the lens shape
c.
moving the lens closer to or further away from the retina in order to focus the image
d.
keeping the lens under tension to allow for image focusing
e.
preventing light from scattering upon entry to the eye
30. Sensory input from eyes and ears travels in neurons to the brain. How is it that the different stimuli are
perceived as light and sound, respectively?
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a.
Light receptors send neural impulses more frequently than sound receptors.
b.
The sensory receptors themselves are different.
c.
The information from each type of receptor is sent to a different region of the brain.
d.
The physical location of the sensory receptors is different, ensuring a different “sense” is
perceived in the brain.
e.
The neurons involved in the sensory pathways differ in shape and size.
31. What would be the predicted outcome for a person having eyes that lack a lens but are otherwise fully
functional?
a.
They would be totally blind.
b.
They would be able to perceive light and even respond to different light intensities, but
that is all.
c.
They would be able to perceive light and even colors (solid color over a large area), but
not details.
d.
They would be able to see some details and read print, but only if the text were written in
large, black letters.
e.
They would have normal vision if given glasses.
32. Where does the lens FOCUS an image in the mammalian eye?
a.
on the retina, using the entire surface of the retina
b.
primarily on the fovea
c.
on the rods only
d.
slightly in front of the retina, so the neural cells don’t distort the image
e.
it depends on where you are looking; sometimes on the fovea, sometimes elsewhere on the
retina
33. Which of the following is a correct statement?
a.
Cones respond to particular wavelengths (colors), rods perceive light at low intensity
without color perception.
b.
Rods respond to particular wavelengths (colors), cones perceive light at low intensities
without color perception.
c.
Cones are more sensitive to single photons of light than are rods.
d.
Nocturnal animals have a high concentration of cones in their eyes and relatively few rods.
e.
Humans have approximately equal numbers of rods and cones, but the cones are primarily
localized in the fovea.
34. This portion of the cell responds to red light photons only.
a.
outer segment of rod
b.
outer segment of cone
c.
inner segment of rod
d.
inner segment of cone
e.
synaptic terminal of rod or cone
35. Which of the following is a correct statement?
a.
Rhodopsin is active in the dark and thereby allows the release of neurotransmitters from
the synaptic terminal in the absence of light.
b.
Rhodopsin is inactive in the dark and thereby inhibits the release of neurotransmitters from
the synaptic terminal unless light is present.
c.
Rhodopsin is active in the dark and thereby inhibits the release of neurotransmitters from
the synaptic terminal in the absence of light.
d.
Rhodopsin is inactive in the dark and thereby allows the release of neurotransmitters from
the synaptic terminal unless light is present.
e.
Rhodopsin’s activity is different between rods and cones, but leads always to increasing
amounts of neurotransmitters being release.
36. How is active retinal returned to the inactive state?
a.
It isn’t; rather, the cell degrades the active form and synthesizes new, inactive proteins.
b.
It is converted back to the inactive confirmation by a series of enzymes.
c.
It reverts back to the inactive state on its own.
d.
It is transported to a lysosome.
e.
The mechanism is not known.
Use the figure above for the following question(s).
37. In the figure above, which number identifies the structure of cones or rods that will respond to
wavelengths of RED light ONLY?
a.
3
b.
4
c.
5
d.
6
e.
7
38. In the figure above, which number identifies the cell(s) or portion of the cell(s) that will respond to a
single photon?
a.
1 only
b.
2 only
c.
4 and 7
d.
5 and 8
e.
3 and 6
39. In the figure above, which number identifies the portion of the cell that houses the metabolic
machinery?
a.
1
b.
2
c.
5
d.
8
e.
4
40. Which cell is closest to the center/interior of the human eye?
a.
optic ganglion cells
b.
amacrine cells
c.
bipolar cells
d.
rods and cones
e.
horizontal cells
41. Which cells connect different photoreceptor cells to each other?
a.
optic ganglion cells
b.
amacrine cells
c.
bipolar cells
d.
rods and cones
e.
horizontal cells
42. Which cells relay messages from photoreceptor cells to non-photoreceptor cells?
a.
optic ganglion cells
b.
amacrine cells
c.
bipolar cells
d.
rods and cones
e.
horizontal cells
43. Each cone responds primarily to a single color. What kinds of cones do normal humans have?
a.
Three cones that perceive red, blue, and yellow light.
b.
Three cones that perceive red, blue, and green light.
c.
Three cones that perceive orange, green, and purple light.
d.
Four cones that perceive red, blue, yellow, and green light.
e.
All cones respond equally to all colors of the visible light spectrum.
44. Some animals, like humans, have two eyes on the front of the head that perceive a mostly overlapping
visual field. In contrast, some herbivores (rabbits, for example) have eyes on the sides of their head
and visual fields that may not overlap at all. How does this impact perception of the environment?
a.
Humans have better depth perception and a wider field of vision than rabbits.
b.
Humans have poorer depth perception and a narrower field of vision than rabbits.
c.
Humans have better depth perception and a narrower field of vision than rabbits.
d.
Humans have poorer depth perception and a wider field of vision than rabbits.
e.
Due to integration by the brain, there is really no difference in depth perception or visual
field size when comparing humans to rabbits.
45. A sensillum is
a.
a hollow hair-like tube characterized by a pore on the end and multiple chemoreceptor
cells inside.
b.
located on the antennae, foot, or mouthparts of aquatic insects.
c.
a specialized smell receptor in invertebrates.
d.
common to earthworms, insects, and cnidarians.
e.
a type of taste receptor in vertebrates.
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46. The difference between taste and smell
a.
is how the receptor comes into contact with the binding site, be it direct touch or through
diffusion in the air.
b.
depends on the cellular structure of the receptor, specifically, whether the cells are derived
from microvilli or cilia and have microfilaments and microtubules, respectively.
c.
is present in al invertebrates that use one receptor for both functions.
d.
is the difference between thermoception and photoreception.
e.
is based on slight differences in chemoreception.
47. Taste buds are
a.
really just modified sensilla.
b.
found only on the tongue.
c.
collections of papilla that each respond to different stimuli.
d.
small capsules of cells, each with a pore at the top though which sensory hairs project and
interact with environmental molecules.
e.
EACH able to respond to sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and savory (umami) stimuli.
48. The only receptors to make direct contact with brain interneurons rather than afferent neurons are
a.
olfactory receptors.
b.
taste receptors.
c.
chemoreceptors.
d.
mechanoreceptors.
e.
photoreceptors.
49. What is the function of pain?
a.
It causes an organism to move away from or otherwise decrease exposure to a damaging
stimulus.
b.
It elicits a reflex response.
c.
It protects an organism from encountering harmful conditions.
d.
It works faster than conscious thought.
e.
It causes an organsim’s heart rate to increase to deliver more blood.
50. What are thermoreceptors NOT used for?
a.
Some animals use thermoreceptors to locate warm-blooded prey.
b.
Some animals use thermoreceptors to help regulate their own body temperature.
c.
Some animals use thermoreceptors to reduce exposure to extreme temperatures that are
damaging to cells and tissues.
d.
Some animals use thermoreceptors to trigger involuntary responses related to body
temperature.
e.
Some animals use thermoreceptors to locate ectothermic prey.
51. Jalapeño peppers contain the chemical capsaicin. If you lack the nociceptors that bind capsaicin, what
would be the predicted outcome?
a.
You would be especially sensitive to spicy foods containing capsaicin.
b.
You would be able to eat foods containing high concentrations of capsaicin and not feel
any burning in your mouth.
c.
You would have the same sensitivity to capsaicin as most other people.
d.
You would experience a feeling of cold when eating foods containing capsaicin.
e.
You would be more easily addicted to capsaicin-containing foods than normal individuals.
52. Capsicum binds to a calcium channel in the nociceptor’s cell and triggers an influx of calcium into the
cell. What happens if the same receptors are placed in an environment that is unusually warm (such as
48C) but lacks capsicum?
a.
The channels again open, allowing an influx of calcium.
b.
The channels stay closed.
c.
The channels open, but much more slowly than they would if capsicum is also present.
d.
The channels open and are unable to close.
e.
The channels are unable to open.
53. Electroreceptors ____.
a.
are only used by fishes for navigational purposes
b.
can be used for communication between primates
c.
are only able to receive, not produce, electrical signals
d.
can be used to generate electrical fields in some invertebrates having special electric
organs
e.
are usually used in communication, navigation, and hunting in the organisms that possess
them