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1. The cost-benefit trade-off is particularly complex in environmental issues because those who pay the cost often are not
the ones who receive the benefit.
a.
True
b.
False
2. Weste, Inc. decided to expand by building a $50 million manufacturing facility. Weste, Inc. is not a federal agency and
the expansion is not regulated or approved by the government. Nevertheless, Weste must prepare an environmental impact
statement.
a.
True
b.
False
3. Local regulation is more effective than state or federal regulation in controlling air pollution.
a.
True
b.
False
4. Armand Industries is producing a foul-smelling odor as a by-product of its factory’s operations. However, the emission
is not harmful to the health of those exposed to it. Armand would be subject to a primary national ambient air quality
standard established by the EPA.
a.
True
b.
False
5. A Japanese company operates a ship called the Kinia. If the Kinia sails in U.S. waters, it must comply with design
standards set by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990.
a.
True
b.
False
6. Cincy, Inc. is building a $20 million dollar addition onto its distribution facility. To build the facility, Cincy must fill in
two acres of wetlands. Under the Clean Water Act, Cincy must obtain a permit before filling in the wetlands.
a.
True
b.
False
7. The life expectancy of residents in cities with the dirtiest air is on average two years shorter than those in the cleanest
cities.
a.
True
b.
False
8. TriColor, Inc. purchased a piece of land from HBC, Inc. Hazardous waste was subsequently discovered on the land.
Even though TriColor did nothing illegal, it may be liable under CERCLA for the cleanup costs.
a.
True
b.
False
9. The EPA will allow individual states' air pollution level to rise as long as it still meets the EPA's existing national
standards.
a.
True
b.
False
10. An Environmental Impact Statement must be prepared for every major federal action that significantly affects the
quality of the environment.
a.
True
b.
False
11. A person who violates the Clean Water Act can face possible imprisonment in addition to other penalties.
a.
True
b.
False
12. To date, the United States and China are the only two countries that adhere to the 1997 Kyoto Protocol.
a.
True
b.
False
13. The prevention of significant deterioration (PSD) program was developed to prevent deterioration in air quality that
would create health problems for those affected.
a.
True
b.
False
14. We Care, a nonprofit environmental organization, believes that Quanaco is violating the Clean Air Act. The EPA has
not taken any action against Quanaco. We Care can file a citizens’ suit against the EPA.
a.
True
b.
False
15. Truan, Inc. has decided to market a new pesticide. Truan must register the pesticide with the EPA.
a.
True
b.
False
16. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was created by Congress to
a.
consolidate environmental regulations under one agency.
b.
protect corporate investors.
c.
prevent conflicts between the Departments of Commerce and Interior.
d.
eliminate discrimination.
17. Under the Clean Air Act
a.
states and the EPA were to act as partners wherein the individual states would formulate state implementation
plans to meet primary and secondary standards created by the EPA.
b.
the EPA formulated primary and secondary standards for air pollution; however, the individual states were not
required to comply with these standards if they already had reasonable state statutes or regulations in place.
c.
the states were required to follow the guidelines established by the EPA and did not have the authority to
create their own state plans for implementing the federal standards.
d.
state laws or regulations preempt or take precedence over the guidelines promulgated by the EPA.
18. What prevents the market system from achieving a clean environment on its own?
a.
Externalities.
b.
Inefficiently managed business.
c.
Remainders.
d.
SIPs.
19. Which of the following is NOT a provision of the Clean Air Act?
a.
Establishment of national ambient air quality standards
b.
Prevention of significant deterioration (PSD) program
c.
Regulation of stationary sources
d.
Consolidation of environmental regulation under one agency
20. Which program was designed as a method for limiting air pollutants in an economically efficient manner by allowing
enterprises to sell its leftover emissions allowance to other companies or stockpile it for future use?
a.
The Kyoto Protocol
b.
Cap and Trade
c.
Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL)
d.
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
21. What is the goal of the Superfund?
a.
To create a market-based system for reducing emmissions
b.
To set national ambient air quality standards
c.
To clean up hazardous wastes that were illegally dumped in the past
d.
To require shipowners to pay for damage caused by oil discharged from their ships
22. Which of the following is a heat source of water pollution?
a.
Discharge from a household water pipe
b.
An oil spill into a body of water
c.
Stormwater run-off that carries pollutants
d.
Water that has been used as a coolant and returned to the waterways
23. Which of the following statements regarding automobile pollution is true?
a.
If states do not adopt their own set of automobile pollution standards, they must abide by those of the federal
government.
b.
California and New York are the only two states with separate automobile pollution standards.
c.
States have the right to adopt California standards instead of federal rules.
d.
Because of federal standards, motor vehicles are no longer a major source of air pollution.
24. Those who violate environmental laws
a.
may be subject to criminal penalties if they violate certain statutes of the EPA.
b.
are liable only for civil damages.
c.
rarely receive punishment due to the lack of any strong structure of federal regulation.
d.
may face criminal charges, but not imprisonment.
25. In considering what is navigable waters, the Supreme Court ruled that
a.
the definition of navigable water must inclue all ponds and lakes even if they are not connected to open bodies
of water.
b.
waterways confined to one state can be navigable water if pollutants can leak into drinking water.
c.
the definition of navigable water excludes intermittent streams or wetlands.
d.
all waterways including wetlands, intermittent streams, and ponds are all navigable waters.
26. Coastal City Power Plant received its annual sulfur dioxide emission allowance. Because it is using a low-sulfur fuel
which burns cleaner than some fuels, it does not need its entire allowance this year. In this instance, Coastal City Power
a.
loses whatever unused allowance it has for the year.
b.
may sell its leftover allowance to another company.
c.
will not be regulated by an allowance next year since it was within its allowance for this year.
d.
will only avoid future regulation if it signs an agreement to continue using either low-sulfur coal or natural gas
in the future.
27. Sam, the chief executive officer of Boch Industries, was prosecuted for violating the Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act. Which of the following is correct concerning the penalties?
a.
Sam cannot be criminally prosecuted for violating this statue.
b.
Sam faces criminal fines as well as imprisonment.
c.
Sam faces only criminal fines.
d.
The only remedy Sam faces is an injunction to prevent further violations.
28. Congress established a trust fund for the EPA to use in Superfund cleanup. This trust fund was initially financed by a
tax on what?
a.
The general public through federal income taxes
b.
Waste management and landfill operators
c.
The construction industry
d.
The oil and chemical industries
29. Under Superfund legislation, to what extent must a hazardous waste site be cleaned?
a.
Reasonable conditions under the circumstances.
b.
A safe level for the area in which it is located.
c.
Pristine condition, regardless of cost.
d.
To the condition of the property before the hazardous waste was dumped on it.
30. James owned real estate. He leased the building to two tenants. An insurance agent leased the first floor and a law firm
leased the second floor. James later sold the land to Mary, who used the entire building for her business. She discovered
that there were hazardous material storage tanks buried in the land. She had to remove the tanks and then sued James and
the former tenants for the cost of removing the tanks, even though none of them knew the tanks had been there.
a.
James and the two tenants are liable.
b.
James is liable to Mary, but the tenants are not.
c.
The tenants are liable to Mary, but James is not.
d.
Neither James nor the tenants are liable to Mary.
31. What administrative agency regulates pesticides, insecticides, fungicides and rodenticides?
a.
The Food and Drug Administration
b.
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration
c.
The Environmental Protection Agency
d.
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission
32. Under the Clean Air Act
a.
California was granted special permission to set stricter pollution standards than the federal standards.
b.
all states must follow federal automobile emission standards.
c.
the states must each set automobile emission standards, which must then be approved by the EPA.
d.
states were given the option of following federal standards or adopting their own stricter standards.
33. All of following must be included in a federal Environmental Impact Statement EXCEPT
a.
the available alternatives to the proposed action.
b.
the means to mitigate adverse environmental impacts.
c.
the direct and indirect effects of the proposed action.
d.
the cost of implementing the proposed action.
34. The disposal of nonhazardous solid waste is
a.
generally regulated by state law, but the federal government sets guidelines that must be followed.
b.
the only area of environmental concern that has yet to be regulated by federal action.
c.
completely governed by federal administrative law.
d.
currently the subject of great debate since the federal government has declared such activity falls under the
Endangered Species Act and, therefore, a small annoying fly known to frequent landfills must be protected.
35. Under the Endangered Species Act, what federal agency in the Department of the Interior is responsible for preparing
a list of species that are in danger of becoming extinct?
a.
National Park Service
b.
Fish and Wildlife Service
c.
Bureau of Land Management
d.
Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement
36. Fresh Air, a nonprofit environmental organization, believes that Cincy Co. is violating the Clean Air Act. The EPA
has not taken any action against Cincy Co. In this instance, Fresh Air
a.
can file a citizen suit against the EPA.
b.
can file an executive order with Cincy Co.
c.
cannot file a lawsuit but can ask an administrative law judge to hear its complaint.
d.
cannot file a lawsuit but can lobby Congress to force the EPA to act.
37. Which agency establishes rules for treating both hazardous and nonhazardous forms of solid waste?
a.
The National Environmental Policy Act
b.
The Toxic Substances Control Act
c.
The Safe Drinking Water Act
d.
The Resource Conversation and Recovery Act
38. As part of a compromise to the Endangered Species Act, the government allows developers to conserve some land in
return for developing other property as they want. This is accomplished through
a.
the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.
b.
the use of the Superfund.
c.
the Habitat Conservation Plan.
d.
an Environmental Impact Statement.
39. The Toxic Substances Control Act regulates
a.
chemicals other than pesticides, foods, drugs, and cosmetics.
b.
insecticides.
c.
natural gas.
d.
pesticides.
40. Foiler Manufacturing, a new corporation, estimates it may generate approximately 200 kilograms of hazardous waste
each month. Discuss the EPA requirements it faces in relation to this waste.
41. Discuss the major provisions of the Clean Air Act.
42. Trent was the production manager at HGB, Inc. Under his supervision, HGB filled in an area of wetlands on the
company's property without a permit. Has Trent violated the law? What penalties might he face?
43. When must an environmental impact statement be prepared and what must it discuss?
44. James purchased an abandoned lot. When he started to develop the land, he discovered several underground storage
tanks containing hazardous waste buried on the site. He claims the seller, Richard, is liable to him for the cost of removing
the tanks. Richard claims he owned the lot for 20 years and never knew of the underground tanks. Richard argues he
purchased the land from Thomas and that Thomas or his heirs are liable for the cost of removing the underground tanks.
Explain whether Richard is liable to James. Does Thomas or do his heirs have any liability to James or Richard?
45. Discuss the purpose of and problems with the Kyoto Protocol from the perspective of the United States.
