CHAPTER 40—NERVOUS SYSTEMS
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. A fly is attracted to a symphony conductor’s
a.
hand movements.
b.
sounds of the moving baton.
c.
organic matter on the conductor’s nose.
d.
black bow tie.
e.
white shirt.
2. Detection and response to environmental cues or stimuli are primarily functions of
a.
metabolism.
b.
the nervous system.
c.
catabolism.
d.
the endocrine system.
e.
thermodynamics.
3. Radially symmetrical animals have loose meshes of neurons that are called
a.
nerve nets.
b.
brain nets.
c.
ganglia nets.
d.
nerve cords.
e.
cephalization nets.
4. In animals, the evolutionary development of cephalization is most associated with
a.
bilateral symmetry.
b.
radial symmetry.
c.
ganglia.
d.
nerve nets.
e.
nerves.
5. The anatomical orientation or arrangement of the nervous system of a sea star
a.
contains a central control organ with interconnecting neurons.
b.
produces a signal that intensifies as it radiates from its point of origin.
c.
cannot coordinate movement of the arms.
d.
allows the organism to respond to stimuli approaching from any direction.
e.
sends electrical signals in only one direction.
6. Invertebrates, such as the flatworm, have groups of neurons with a common function. These nerve
clusters are called
a.
nerve cords.
b.
ganglia.
c.
brains.
d.
nerve nets.
e.
radially symmetrical.
7. Identify the animal with the most advanced cephalization.
a.
a flatworm
b.
an arthropod
c.
a chordate
d.
a mollusk
e.
an echinoderm
8. In animals with a brain, the two major divisions of the nervous system are the
a.
autonomic and peripheral systems.
b.
central and peripheral nervous systems.
c.
brain and spinal cord.
d.
nerves from the brain and the peripheral systems.
e.
cranial and spinal nerves.
9. From the following, select the animal with the least advanced nerve cord.
a.
chordate
b.
arthropod
c.
flatworm
d.
human
e.
octopus
10. Which of the following NOT a function of a nervous system?
a.
communication
b.
interpretation of information
c.
detection of changes in the internal environment
d.
monitoring changes in the external environment
e.
regenerating nerve nets
11. A hollow neural tube will develop into all of the following EXCEPT
a.
fluid-filled ventricles.
b.
the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.
c.
the central canal of the spinal cord.
d.
spinal nerves.
e.
the spinal cord.
12. Areas of the brain that are associated with higher functions, such as communication, forethought, and
action, develop from the
a.
hindbrain.
b.
telencephalon.
c.
forebrain.
d.
metencephalon.
e.
both b and c are correct
13. Which of the following is NOT common to all vertebrates?
a.
a cerebellum
b.
a convoluted cerebrum
c.
a hindbrain
d.
a dorsal hollow spinal cord
e.
a midbrain
14. Identify the region of the brain that gives rise to the shaded region in this image.
a.
The diencephalon.
b.
The thalamus.
c.
The myelencephalon.
d.
The metencephalon.
e.
The forebrain.
15. Sensory information is transmitted to the CNS by the
a.
efferent neurons of the autonomic nervous system.
b.
afferent neurons of the peripheral nervous system.
c.
somatic neurons of the peripheral nervous system.
d.
somatic neurons of the sympathetic division.
e.
efferent neurons of the sympathetic division.
16. All the following are characteristics of the autonomic nervous system EXCEPT that it
a.
carries signals to and from visceral organs.
b.
is a functional division of the peripheral nervous system.
c.
includes both afferent and efferent nerve fibers.
d.
controls body movements that are under conscious control.
e.
is composed of parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions.
17. The portion of the nervous system that is responsible for increasing heart rate, as well as increasing
movement of the intestines, is the
a.
autonomic nervous system.
b.
sympathetic division.
c.
parasympathetic division.
d.
somatic nervous system.
e.
interaction between the somatic and autonomic nervous system.
18. Autonomic nervous system pathways have ____.
a.
three neurons
b.
two neurons
c.
one neuron
d.
four neurons
e.
no neurons
19. Of the following statements concerning the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the nervous
system, which is true?
a.
The sympathetic system controls external stimuli, while the parasympathetic system
controls internal stimuli.
b.
The sympathetic system generally produces an increased physical activity, while the
parasympathetic system produces a decrease in physical activity.
c.
Both nervous systems stimulate the activities of many organs.
d.
Both nervous systems release norepinephrine.
e.
The sympathetic system is under voluntary control, and the parasympathetic system is
under involuntary control.
20. In vertebrates, the CNS consists of the
a.
brain and spinal cord.
b.
brain and gray matter.
c.
spinal cord and gray matter.
d.
brain and reflexes.
e.
spinal cord and nerves.
21. If the protective coverings of the brain were damaged, the ____ would be damaged.
a.
ventricles
b.
thalamus
c.
medulla
d.
meninges
e.
reflexes
22. The blood-brain barrier does not
a.
protect the brain and the spinal cord.
b.
select which substances can enter the cerebrospinal fluid.
c.
allow oxygen, carbon dioxide, and alcohol to pass from the blood to the cerebrospinal
fluid.
d.
block glial cells from migrating to the spinal cord
e.
shield the brain from many changes in the blood
23. Which of the following brain structure−function sets are incorrectly matched?
a.
medulla oblongata − controls breathing and heart rate
b.
cerebellum − balances and coordinates muscle movement
c.
thalamus − relays sensory input to the cerebrum
d.
hypothalamus − controls voluntary movements
e.
olfactory bulbs − replays sensory information about odors to the cerebrum
24. The alarm rings again; you hit the snooze button, but it is broken; you try to ignore the ringing, but that
sound is activating which of the following brain regions or functional groups of neurons?
a.
limbic system
b.
reticular formation
c.
blood brain activator
d.
resonance tomography system
e.
hippocampus
25. From the following, identify that portion of the brain that is NOT considered part of the limbic system.
a.
amygdala
b.
olfactory bulbs
c.
cerebellum
d.
hippocampus
e.
“emotional brain”
26. One of your friends is an excellent pianist. Which of the following could be used to describe your
friend?
a.
The limbic system is very well developed.
b.
The right hemisphere is well developed for music.
c.
The left hemisphere is well developed for music.
d.
The reticular formation is well developed.
e.
The right hemisphere is well developed for control over the right side of the body.
27. The occipital lobe of the brain is responsible for
a.
speech.
b.
memory.
c.
smell.
d.
coordination of movement.
e.
vision.
28. With respect to the cerebrum, gray matter is
a.
located in the outer region and the central region surrounding the ventricles.
b.
located in the inner region.
c.
composed of nerve fibers.
d.
responsible for transmission of information between neurons.
e.
composed of only glial cells.
29. The limbic system plays a role in all of the following EXCEPT
a.
the sleep wake cycle.
b.
sexual behavior.
c.
fighting behavior.
d.
motivation.
e.
evaluating rewards.
30. Destruction of the motor areas in the right cerebral cortex results in the loss of
a.
sensation on the right side of the body.
b.
sensation on the left side of the body.
c.
voluntary movement on the left side of the body.
d.
voluntary movement on the right side of the body.
e.
involuntary control of the right side of the body.
31. Bob is recovering from a brain injury. He is unable to speak, but he clearly understands both the
written and spoken word. The area of damage that resulted in these symptoms is
a.
Wernicke’s area of the temporal lobe.
b.
Broca’s area of the frontal lobe.
c.
the primary somatosensory area of the parietal lobe.
d.
the cerebellar association area.
e.
the brain stem.
32. A PET scan can be used to monitor ________ when a person is performing specific _______ tasks.
a.
brain activity; physical
b.
glucose activity; physical
c.
brain activity; mental
d.
hemoglobin activity; mental
e.
hemoglobin; physical
33. The temporal lobe is associated with
a.
touch and movement to that touch.
b.
vision.
c.
smell.
d.
speech.
e.
memory.
34. Areas of the body such as the lips or fingers are represented by ____ regions and arms and legs are
represented by relatively _____ regions.
a.
large; small
b.
small; large
c.
motor; sensory
d.
sensory; motor
e.
cerebellum; brain stem
35. During conscious quiet rest, the brain is emitting
a.
alpha waves.
b.
beta waves.
c.
delta waves.
d.
gamma waves.
e.
rapid, irregular waves.
36. Memories are associated with which of the following parts of the brain?
a.
association areas of the cerebellum
b.
limbic lobe of cerebrum
c.
suprachiasmatic nucleus
d.
primary sensory areas of parietal lobes
e.
cerebral cortex
37. Bob dreamt he was biking for five hours. The actual time he was in ____ sleep was about ____ min.
a.
beta; 15−20
b.
EEG; 10−15
c.
REM; 60−90
d.
REM; 10−15
e.
EEG; 90
38. Memory is
a.
the storage and retrieval of sensory or motor experience.
b.
the response to stimuli based on experiences.
c.
the awareness of ourselves and surroundings.
d.
voluntary
e.
involuntary
39. Research on memory indicates that
a.
short-term memory is a product of chemical changes in neurons.
b.
long-term memories are lost more frequently.
c.
long-term memory is limited to a few years’ duration.
d.
long-term memory retention is better for skill memory than for declarative memory.
e.
short-term memory is limited to several hundred bits of information.
40. Your alarm clock goes off once again, and it is 7 a.m. Which of the following events leads you to hit
the snooze button?
a.
The number of alpha waves emitted by the brain increases.
b.
The number of theta waves emitted by the brain increases.
c.
The reticular formation sends stimuli to the cerebral cortex.
d.
The cortex of the cerebellum is stimulated.
e.
The limbic system is stimulated.
41. Long-term memory
a.
involves reverberating circuits.
b.
is limited to multiple chunks of information over a given time.
c.
requires extensive time for consolidation.
d.
is dependent on the corpus callosum.
e.
depends on activated receptors that are linked to G proteins.
42. If an action potential persists for one minute or longer, an increase in the strength of synaptic
connections develops. Which of the following describes the resulting establishment of memory
between two neurons?
a.
lateralization
b.
consciousness potentiation
c.
long-term potentiation
d.
long-term association
e.
cephalization association
43. If the right optic nerve were cut, what would still remain?
a.
the inner portion of the left visual field and the outer portion of the right visual field
b.
the outer portion of the right visual field and the inner portion of the left visual field
c.
the inner portion of the right visual field and the inner portion of the left visual field
d.
the inner portion of the right visual field and the outer portion of the left visual field
e.
the entire right visual field
44. Which of the following pertaining to a cut corpus callosum is FALSE?
a.
The right hemisphere doesn’t know what the left hemisphere is doing.
b.
The right hemisphere directed the writing of COW but the person could not say what the
word was.
c.
The right hemisphere directs motor activity on the left side of the body.
d.
The left hemisphere processes language.
e.
Information between the right and left hemispheres was shared, but reduced by 50 percent.
45. If light were prevented from reaching the right side of both retinas, which of the following would
occur?
a.
The right half of the visual field would be lost.
b.
Only the left cerebral hemisphere would be stimulated by the light.
c.
No information about the light would be carried in the left optic nerve.
d.
The left half of the visual field would be lost.
e.
Sight would be lost.
46. If the NMDA receptor is removed
a.
long-term potentiation doesn’t occur.
b.
short-term memory is not converted.
c.
long-term memory occurs but is shortened.
d.
short-term memory is lengthened.
e.
long-term potentiation doesn’t occur and short-term memory is not converted.
47. The NMDA receptor
a.
is primarily located on membranes in the amygdale.
b.
is associated with a sodium ion channel.
c.
inhibits the CaMK11 enzyme.
d.
is involved with conversion of short-term memory to long-term memory.
e.
is involved with conversion of long-term memory to short-term memory.
48. With an intact NMDA receptor, predict the effect if the flow of calcium were blocked.
a.
Long-term potentiation would occur, but short-term memory would not be converted to
long-term memory.
b.
Phosphate groups would not be attached to CaMKII.
c.
The hippocampus would be responsible for long-term potentiation.
d.
CaMKII would not be responsive to phosphate.
e.
Calcium groups would not be attached to CaMKII.
49. Similarities at the neural circuit level between humans and ____ are easy to detect and therefore are
used in evolutionary studies examining the requirements for neural circuits.
a.
rodents
b.
invertebrates
c.
fruit flies
d.
sea hares
e.
bees
50. Which of the following is one of the best examples of a commonly shared signaling pathway
connected to memory in invertebrates and vertebrates?
a.
Cyclic AMP.
b.
Cycling RNA
c.
RNA cyclase.
d.
RNA binding protein
e.
non-responsive binding protein
51. During a fight, a boxer received a hard blow to the side of his head. The boxer was unable to recognize
and interpret words. Which area of the brain was most likely injured?
a.
the left occipital lobe
b.
the right cerebellar hemisphere
c.
the left temporal lobe
d.
the right temporal lobe
e.
the left prefrontal lobe
52. During a fight, a boxer received a hard blow to the side of his head. The boxer was unable to recognize
and interpret words. Which specific area of the brain must have been damaged during the fight?
a.
the cortex of the cerebellum
b.
Broca’s area
c.
the corpus callosum
d.
Wernicke’s area
e.
the brain stem
53. A person suffers a stroke. A blood clot reduced blood flow in the brain. The person is unable to say
words, but is able to read and understand text. Which of the following best explains this person’s
problem?
a.
The cortex of the cerebellum was affected by the reduced blood flow.
b.
The interruption in blood flow affected the corpus callosum.
c.
The region of damage was responsible for integration of visual and auditory stimuli.
d.
The reduced blood flow damaged Wernicke’s area of the temporal lobe.
e.
The reduced blood flow damaged Broca’s area of the temporal lobe.
54. Skill memories, such as the ability to learn to play the piano, involve all of the following EXCEPT
a.
storage of names and places.
b.
lateralization.
c.
repetition of the skill.
d.
the cerebellum, basal ganglia, and primary motor area.
e.
conscious effort to learn the skill.
55. You encounter a bear while hiking, which of the following predominates and causes an increase in
your heart rate and breathing to help you run away?
a.
the central nervous system.
b.
the sympathetic nervous system
c.
the parasympathetic nervous system
d.
somatic nervous system
e.
cranial nerves
56. In an experiment, the diencephalon was prevented from developing in a rat. Predict the most likely
consequences of this procedure.
a.
The rat was not able to make noises.
b.
The rat was unable to move.
c.
The rat was unable to detect touch.
d.
The rat moved in a circular fashion.
e.
The rat could not right itself.
57. Your finger touches a hot pot on the stove. Information is carried via ____ neurons to the ____, where
neurons carry information to the ____, making you aware of the hot pot.
a.
afferent; basal ganglia; primary sensory area
b.
efferent; thalamus; sensory association area
c.
efferent; hippocampus; primary sensory area
d.
afferent; thalamus; primary somatosensory area
e.
interneurons; thalamus; somatomotor area
MATCHING
Match each of the following terms with its correct definition.
a.
Loose meshwork of neurons organized with radial symmetry
b.
Cavities in the vertebrate brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid
c.
EEG pattern that is even, slow, and common during the transition to deep sleep
d.
Increased responsiveness to mild stimuli after a strong stimulus—a form of memory
e.
Efferent portion of the PNS dealing with body movements that are under conscious,
voluntary control
f.
Nerve cell bodies and dendrites
g.
Positron emission tomography
h.
EEG pattern that is pulsating and less regular
i.
Response to a stimulus based on information stored in memory
j.
Neuronal activity that occurs without conscious effort, often associated with protection
k.
Carries nervous activity from the brain and spinal cord to effector structures
l.
Composed of the midbrain, pons, and medulla
m.
Import with the ability to speak
58. peripheral nervous system
59. ventricles
60. gray matter
61. reflexes
62. brain stem
63. PET
64. learning
65. Broca’s area
66. nerve net
67. somatic nervous system
68. delta waves
69. sensitization
70. theta waves
SHORT ANSWER
71. Define long-term potentiation.
72. Define and explain the importance of the blood-brain barrier.
73. How are the nervous systems of invertebrates similar to that of vertebrates?
74. Why does it make sense that the autonomic nervous system controls mostly involuntary processes?
MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE
If the statement is true, answer “T“. If the statement is false, answer “F” and make it correct by
changing the underlined word(s) and writing the correct word(s) in the answer blank(s).
75. Arthropods’ have nervous systems composed of a nerve net.
76. Cephalization is associated with bilateral symmetry.
77. The cell body of the second neuron of the parasympathetic division is located outside of the CNS.
78. REM is the pattern of the EEG associated with being wide awake.
79. The autonomic nervous system is composed of the afferent neurons.
80. If the cerebellum is damaged, an individual would have problems with balance.
81. Gray matter is composed of axons with myelin sheaths.
82. The limbic system is involved in sleep-wake cycles.
83. Smell is important in activating the limbic system.
84. Sensitization is a type of memory where increased responsiveness to mild stimuli occurs after
experiencing a strong stimulus.
ESSAY
85. Explain the function of the association areas of the cerebral hemispheres.
86. Distinguish between the central and peripheral nervous systems.