True / False
1. Detectives were the first official law enforcement positions created in the expanding western rural areas.
a. True
b. False
2. The professional model of policing places a high value on the use of technology.
a. True
b. False
3. Refocusing attention on crime control and away from maintaining order did more than anything else to change the
nature of American policing during Professional Model Era.
a. True
b. False
4. In the United States, the growth of cities led to pressures to modernize law enforcement.
a. True
b. False
5. Increasing the number of patrol officers in a given area has been found to significantly reduce the crime rate in that
area.
a. True
b. False
6. Supporters of the community policing model approach urge greater use of foot and bike patrol so that officers will
become known to citizens.
a. True
b. False
7. Advocates of the community policing approach believe in focusing on only the most serious crimes, in order to avoid
infringing the liberty of community members.
a. True
b. False
8. Federal law enforcement agencies in the United States are part of the legislative branch of government.
a. True
b. False
9. After September 11, 2001, an increased focus on fighting terrorism at the national level has shifted the government’s
funding priorities for law enforcement and led to reorganization of federal agencies.
a. True
b. False
10. Since September 11, 2001, the shift towards homeland security has gained support from traditional law enforcement.
a. True
b. False
11. Native American tribes are separate, sovereign nations with a significant degree of legal autonomy within the United
States.
a. True
b. False
12. Public support for police budgets is greatest when police departments stress the service function.
a. True
b. False
13. Most police organizations are organized hierarchically, in a fashion similar to military organizations.
a. True
b. False
14. Traffic units are responsible for identifying and apprehending suspects, as well as collecting evidence against them.
a. True
b. False
15. The watchman style of policing stresses order maintenance.
a. True
b. False
16. Police officers have considerable discretion.
a. True
b. False
17. Research indicates that citizen attitudes toward the police are largely independent of race.
a. True
b. False
18. Police officers in the United States generally have a higher level of education today than in the past.
a. True
b. False
19. Physical conditioning tests for police officers are no longer standard, as they are considered a form of discrimination.
a. True
b. False
20. Municipal police departments usually pay higher salaries than positions in federal agencies.
a. True
b. False
21. Forty percent of police officers in the United States today are a member of a racial or ethnic minority group.
a. True
b. False
22. Most citizens have positive things to say about the work of female police officers.
a. True
b. False
23. “Rookies” require little socialization into the police subculture.
a. True
b. False
24. The nature of police work can make officers very suspicious of citizens whom they encounter.
a. True
b. False
25. Suburban middle-class communities often experience the legalistic style of policing.
a. True
b. False
26. The use of volunteers as auxiliary officers has decreased over the past decade.
a. True
b. False
27. Auxiliary officers have saved some municipalities, such as Los Angeles, a great deal of money.
a. True
b. False
28. The use of auxiliary volunteer officers has decreased over the past decade.
a. True
b. False
29. The use of auxiliary officers by police departments is viewed as a positive development by all.
a. True
b. False
30. The FBI and DEA are examples of federal law enforcement agencies.
a. True
b. False
Multiple Choice
31. The medieval English system in which groups of families agreed to uphold the law, keep order, and bring violators, to
court was known as:
a. tithing.
b. the watch system.
c. the hue and cry.
d. the frankpledge.
e. familia.
32. Police forces throughout the United States are characterized by:
a. consolidation and a national orientation.
b. consolidation and a local orientation.
c. fragmentation and a national orientation.
d. fragmentation and a local orientation.
e. none of above.
33. Henry Fielding organized a group of “thief takers” to pursue and arrest law breakers, which became known as:
a. the Bow Street Runners.
b. the New England Runners.
c. Henry and John’s Police Department.
d. the Fielding Brother’s Volunteer Group.
e. the Amateur Police Force.
34. In homage to the home secretary who supported passage of the act creating the London police force, the first English
police officers were known as:
a. berts.
b. sir.
c. robbers.
d. bobbies.
e. peelers.
35. The practice of assigning individuals to night duty so as to warn the public of crime was called the:
a. duty system.
b. slave system.
c. chain system.
d. routine patrol system.
e. watch system.
36. The law enforcement official, which was created for the enforcement of rural areas as well as maintaining the country
jails, is called the:
a. sheriff.
b. chief.
c. chief law enforcement officer.
d. warrant officer.
e. shire reeve.
37. The governmental agency responsible for federal court security and apprehending fugitives is the:
a. U.S. Marshals.
b. municipal officers.
c. sheriff.
d. Secret Service.
e. FBI agent.
38. Which historical era of policing involved close ties between police and local leaders of government?
a. the political era
b. the professional era
c. the reform era
d. the federalist era
e. the community policing era
39. The political era of policing was characterized by which of the following?
a. hiring of officers through connections to elected officials
b. civil service selection of officers
c. equal opportunity for minority officers
d. the introduction of automobile patrol and two-way radios
e. urban riots
40. Which of the following statements is NOT consistent with the model of professional policing?
a. Laws should be enforced equally.
b. The main task of the police should be fighting crime.
c. Police forces should be actively involved in politics.
d. Police forces should use new technology.
e. Personnel procedures should be based on merit.
41. According to the theory of broken windows, police should focus more on:
a. fighting crime by concentrating resources on the most important offenders.
b. being more involved with local political leaders.
c. ending corruption within the police force.
d. maintaining order by being attentive to “little problems.”
e. using the newest technologies to catch criminals.
42. When police arrest subway fare-beaters, loiterers, and panhandlers, they are focusing on:
a. mens rea crimes.
b. common law crimes.
c. quality of life crimes.
d. quantity of arrest crimes.
e. felonies.
43. The federal government created this organization to increase law enforcement involvement within communities by
offering grants and support to agencies.
a. Office of the Community
b. COPS office
c. Office of Community Involvement
d. Office of Community Cops
e. Office of Community Concerns
44. Law enforcement agencies include all of the following EXCEPT:
a. sheriff’s departments.
b. NCDOC.
c. federal agencies.
d. municipal departments.
e. federal bureau of prisons.
45. The Federal Bureau of Investigation rose to prominence under the leadership of:
a. Henry Fielding.
b. Franklin Roosevelt.
c. Sir Robert Peel.
d. James Q. Wilson.
e. J. Edgar Hoover.
46. Which of the following areas is NOT an emphasis of the FBI?
a. vandalism
b. political corruption
c. organized crime
d. foreign intelligence
e. terrorism
47. Which of the following would be an example of a special geographic agency?
a. university police
b. airport officer
c. park police
d. conservation officer
e. all of the above
48. Which of the following tests must recruits pass to become a police officer?
a. physical exam
b. fitness test
c. written test
d. background check
e. all of these
49. Law enforcement certification involves completing coursework in all of the following areas EXCEPT:
a. psychology.
b. police procedures.
c. use of weapons.
d. politics.
e. law.
50. Which federal program was designed to provide training and financial incentives for college graduates to work as
local police officers?
a. U.S. Police Incentive Corp
b. U.S. Police Operations Initiative
c. Police Corps
d. Police Education Commission
e. U.S. Police Incentive Corps
51. Which of the following statements about women in policing is TRUE?
a. Some people still believe that women are not tough enough to confront dangerous criminals.
b. Female officers tend to view the police role differently from male officers.
c. Most women in police work have not met the expectations of their superiors.
d. Smaller police departments generally have a higher proportion of women who are sworn officers.
e. Women have been serving as police officers since the early 1900s.
52. The process in which members learn the symbols, beliefs, and values of a group is known as:
a. socialization.
b. spiritualization.
c. acquisition.
d. working personality.
e. internal affairs.
53. The symbols, beliefs, and attitudes shared by members of a subgroup within a larger society are collectively referred
to as a:
a. subculture.
b. subprofessionals.
c. subcommunity.
d. subwork.
e. suboccupation.
54. The police subculture is comprised of four key components, which include all of following EXCEPT:
a. stress.
b. religious practice.
c. morality.
d. working personality.
e. attitude.
55. The set of emotional and behavioral characteristics developed by members of an occupational group in response to a
work situation and environmental influences is known as:
a. working personality.
b. subculture.
c. adaptive personality.
d. authoritative personality.
e. socialization.
56. Which two elements of police work define the working personality?
a. danger and isolation
b. authority and isolation
c. isolation and independence
d. danger and authority
e. danger and independence
57. Which of the following is NOT a type of stress experienced by police officers?
a. personal
b. operational
c. organization
d. departmental
e. external
58. Scholars have determined that officer stress is increased due to which of the following?
a. contract negotiations
b. a promotion
c. work-family conflict
d. relaxation
e. none of the above
59. The police function involving a broad mandate to prevent behavior that disturbs the peace or involves face-to–face
conflict is called:
a. order maintenance.
b. service.
c. community measures.
d. peace enforcement.
e. departmental order.
60. The police function of controlling crime by intervening in situations when the law has been violated and the police
must apprehend the guilty person is called:
a. community measures.
b. order maintenance.
c. service.
d. law enforcement.
e. departmental order.
61. Units within local police departments that deploy officers, often in plainclothes if not assigned to the traffic unit, who
are dedicated to a specific task are known as:
a. swat units.
b. special units.
c. enforcement units.
d. military units.
e. all of these.
62. The idea that crime control does not rest solely with the police is in line with the concept of:
a. the service function of police.
b. public discretion.
c. police political involvement.
d. community crime prevention.
e. mandatory arrest laws.
63. Police officers who provide first aid, rescue animals, or help the homeless are fulfilling which of the following police
functions?
a. law enforcement
b. community action
c. departmental
d. service
e. order maintenance
64. According to public opinion polls, which police function do citizens believe is most important?
a. service
b. community action
c. departmental
d. order maintenance
e. law enforcement
65. _______________________ are characterized by a division of labor, a chain of command, and rules to guide the
activities of staff.
a. Beats
b. Subcultures
c. Police officers
d. Bureaucracies
e. Jurisdictions
66. When authority is divided into specialized units that have particular functions to allow for the most efficient
departmental regulation is the definition of:
a. element.
b. operational unit.
c. bureaucracy.
d. division of labor.
e. chain of command.
67. Most mid to large departments will frequently have units such as vice, homicide, juvenile, and plainclothes officers, a
system of organization referred to as:
a. chain of command.
b. operations.
c. specialized units.
d. bureaucracy.
e. compartmentalization.
68. Which of James Q. Wilson’s styles of policing is marked by professionalism and emphasis on law enforcement?
a. watchman
b. progressive
c. authoritarian
d. service