Chapter 04 – Principles of Neural and Hormonal Communication
1. Membrane potential is related to the uneven distribution of what two positively charged ions?
a.
salt and sugar
b.
calcium and magnesium
c.
hydrogen and oxygen
d.
sodium and potassium
e.
chloride and phosphorus
4.1 Introduction to Neural Communication
HUPH.SHER.16.4.1 – Explain the role of membrane potential in neural communication
2. What are the two basic forms of electrical signals?
a.
high potentials and low potentials
b.
physical and action potentials
c.
graded potentials and action potentials
d.
graded potentials and chemical potentials
e.
physical potentials and chemical potentials
3. As the triggering event gets stronger, what type of gated channels open up more frequently or for longer duration?
a.
calcium channels
b.
sodium channels
c.
potassium channels
d.
oxygen channels
e.
water channels
4.2 Graded Potentials
4. What is the temporarily depolarized region of a membrane called?
a.
active area
b.
temporary area
c.
charged area
d.
depolarized area
e.
electrical area
4.2 Graded Potentials
HUPH.SHER.16.4.2 – Describe current flow during a graded potential
5. What property do insulators demonstrate that greatly hinders movement of electrical charge?
a.
high resistance
b.
low resistance
c.
high conductance
d.
low conductance
e.
absence of electrons
a
4.2 Graded Potentials
HUPH.SHER.16.4.2.2 – Discuss the spread of graded potentials across the cell membrane
6. In general terms, what sort of distance do graded potentials die out over?
a.
graded distances
b.
active distances
c.
long distances
d.
medium distances
e.
short distances
e
4.2 Graded Potentials
HUPH.SHER.16.4.2.3 – Explain how graded potentials die out over short distances
7. Depolarization from the resting potential of –70 mV proceeds slowly until it reaches a critical level known as ____.
a.
polarizing action
b.
electrical action
c.
depolarizing potential
d.
active potential
e.
threshold potential
e
4.3 Action Potentials
8. Due to its recorded appearance, an action potential often referred to a ____.
a.
plateau
b.
hockey stick
c.
spike
d.
table
e.
bell
c
4.3 Action Potentials
HUPH.SHER.16.4.3.1 – Compare action potentials with graded potentials
9. Voltage-gated sodium channels can exist in how many different conformations?
a.
one
b.
two
c.
three
d.
four
e.
five
c
4.3 Action Potentials
10. The resting membrane is ____ more permeable to potassium than to sodium.
a.
2x
b.
5x
c.
10-15x
d.
25-30x
e.
100x
4.3 Action Potentials
11. What extensions project like antennae away from the nerve’s cell body and conduct signals towards the body?
a.
organelles
b.
axons
c.
mitochondria
d.
endoplasmic reticulum
e.
dendrites
e
4.3 Action Potentials
HUPH.SHER.16.4.3.4 – Describe the structure of a neuron
12. What ensures the one–way propagation of an action potential away from the initial site of activation?
a.
The refractory period
b.
The activation period
c.
The rest period
d.
The salutatory period
e.
The electrical period
a
4.3 Action Potentials
HUPH.SHER.16.4.3.6 – Explain the significance of the refractory period
13. The strength of a stimulus is coded by the ____.
a.
strength of action potentials
b.
frequency of action potentials
c.
duration of the resting period
d.
duration of the refractory periods
e.
frequency of salutatory periods
4.3 Action Potentials
14. In addition to myelination, what else influences the speed with which an axon can conduct action potentials?
a.
number of dendrites
b.
fiber diameter
c.
fiber length
d.
size of the cell body
e.
proximity of the nerve to spinal cord
4.3 Action Potentials
15. On what three structures can a neuron terminate?
a.
spinal cord, peripheral nerve, or organ
b.
smooth muscle, striated muscle, or cardiac muscle
c.
gland, other neuron, or blood vessel
d.
peripheral nerve, spinal nerve, or brain neuron
e.
muscle, gland, or other neuron
4.4 Synapses and Neuronal Integration
HUPH.SHER.16.4.4 – Discuss the structure and functioning of synapses
16. What are the two types of synapses between neurons?
a.
physical and chemical
b.
primary and secondary
c.
active and passive
d.
electrical and chemical
e.
open and closed
4.4 Synapses and Neuronal Integration
17. What substance is secreted by electrical synapses between neurons in the brain?
a.
ATP
b.
ACTH
c.
GnRH
d.
GRH
e.
glucose
c
4.4 Synapses and Neuronal Integration
HUPH.SHER.16.4.4 – Discuss the structure and functioning of synapses
18. What is stored in synaptic vesicles?
a.
hormones
b.
neurotransmitters
c.
sodium ions
d.
glucose
e.
ATP
4.4 Synapses and Neuronal Integration
HUPH.SHER.16.4.4.2 – Outline the sequence of events that take place at a synapse
19. A typical synaptic delay lasts for approximately ____.
a.
0.5 to 1 millisecond
b.
5 milliseconds
c.
10 milliseconds
d.
25 milliseconds
e.
0.5 to 1 second
a
4.4 Synapses and Neuronal Integration
HUPH.SHER.16.4.4.2 – Outline the sequence of events that take place at a synapse
20. The binding of a neurotransmitter to inhibitory synapses increases the permeability of the subsynaptic membrane to
____.
a.
sodium or chloride
b.
potassium or calcium
c.
potassium or chloride
d.
potassium or sodium
e.
calcium or chloride
c
4.4 Synapses and Neuronal Integration
HUPH.SHER.16.4.4.1 – Distinguish between electrical and chemical synapses
21. What neurotransmitter is made from tryptophan?
a.
acetylcholine
b.
serotonin
c.
dopamine
d.
glutamate
e.
norepinephrine
4.4 Synapses and Neuronal Integration
HUPH.SHER.16.4.4.4 – Discuss the response of a neurotransmitter-receptor combination
22. What class of drugs selectively blocks the reuptake of serotonin into presynaptic axon terminals?
a.
phosphodiesterase-type 5 (PDE-5) inhibitors
b.
selective serotonin reuptake stimulators (SSRSs)
c.
phosphodiesterase-type 5 (PDE-5) stimulators
d.
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
e.
phosphodiesterase-type 2 (PDE-2) inhibitors
4.4 Synapses and Neuronal Integration
HUPH.SHER.16.4.4.9 – Describe the effects of drugs on synaptic transmission
23. What is the largest type of neuromodulator?
a.
ATP
b.
nitric oxide
c.
serotonin
d.
dopamine
e.
neuropeptides
e
4.4 Synapses and Neuronal Integration
24. What term refers to the branching of axon terminals so that a single cell synapses with and influences many other
cells?
a.
divergence
b.
convergence
c.
integration
d.
termination
e.
bifurcation
a
HUPH.SHER.16.4.4.3 – Describe excitatory and inhibitory synapses
25. Scientists recently discovered a possible new route for direct exchange of materials between cells: ____.
a.
piggy back molecules
b.
tunneling nanotubes
c.
microcrystals
d.
protein carriers
e.
lipid bridges
4.5 Intercellular Communication and Signal Transduction
HUPH.SHER.16.4.5 – Summarize direct and indirect types of intercellular communication
26. How many types of extracellular chemical messengers or signal molecules are used for indirect cell communication in
the body?
a.
two
b.
three
c.
four
d.
five
e.
six
c
4.5 Intercellular Communication and Signal Transduction
HUPH.SHER.16.4.5.2 – Discuss the four types of extracellular chemical messengers
27. What paracrine is released from a specific type of connective tissue cell during an inflammatory response?
a.
serotonin
b.
dopamine
c.
cytosine
d.
histamine
e.
cytokinin
4.5 Intercellular Communication and Signal Transduction
HUPH.SHER.16.4.5.2 – Discuss the four types of extracellular chemical messengers
28. What term refers to any enzyme that transfers a phosphate group from ATP to a particular intracellular protein?
a.
cytosine
b.
cytokinin
c.
phosphatase
d.
ATP-ase
e.
protein kinase
e
4.4 Synapses and Neuronal Integration
HUPH.SHER.16.4.4.10 – Describe the convergence and divergence of neurons
29. Messenger binding to a ____ activates tyrosine kinase.
a.
chemically gated receptor-channel
b.
G-protein-coupled receptor
c.
lipid dependent receptor
d.
receptor–enzyme complex
e.
cholesterol-coupled complex
4.5 Intercellular Communication and Signal Transduction
30. What proportion of all drugs prescribed today act on G-protein-coupled receptors?
a.
about 1/4
b.
about 1/3
c.
about 1/2
d.
about 2/3
e.
about 3/4
c
4.5 Intercellular Communication and Signal Transduction
response
31. What is a type of paracrine that is a collection of protein signal molecules secreted by cells of the immune system,
largely acting locally to regulate immune responses?
a.
cytokines
b.
eicosanoids
c.
peptides
d.
enzymes
e.
white blood cells
a
4.6 Introduction to Paracrine Communication
HUPH.SHER.16.4.5 – Summarize direct and indirect types of intercellular communication
32. Eicosanoids are modified from ____.
a.
arachidonic acid
b.
cytokines
c.
growth factors
d.
histamine
e.
glucose
4.5 Intercellular Communication and Signal Transduction
HUPH.SHER.16.4.5 – Summarize direct and indirect types of intercellular communication
Chapter 04 – Principles of Neural and Hormonal Communication
a
4.6 Introduction to Paracrine Communication
HUPH.SHER.16.4.5 – Summarize direct and indirect types of intercellular communication
33. What type of eicosanoids involve local messengers in inflammatory responses and cause profound airway constriction
characteristic of asthma?
a.
prostaglandins
b.
thromboxanes
c.
arachidonic acid
d.
cortisol
e.
leukotrienes
e
4.6 Introduction to Paracrine Communication
HUPH.SHER.16.4.5 – Summarize direct and indirect types of intercellular communication
34. Hormones fall into two chemical groups based on their solubility: ____.
a.
hydrophilic and lipophobic
b.
soluble and insoluble
c.
lipophilic and lipophobic
d.
hydrophilic and lipophilic
e.
acidic and alkaline
4.7 Introduction to Hormonal Communication
HUPH.SHER.16.4.6.1 – Discuss the two distinct chemical groups of hormones
35. Hormones can be classified according to their chemical structure, i.e., ____.
a.
amino acids, amines and thyroid hormones
b.
peptides, amines and steroids
c.
peptides, catecholamines and indoleamines
d.
catecholamines, amines and cholesterol
e.
steroids, amino acids and thyroid hormones
4.7 Introduction to Hormonal Communication
HUPH.SHER.16.4.6.2 – Classify the properties of three chemically different hormones
36. What is the precursor for all steroid hormones?
a.
amino acids
b.
peptides
c.
cholesterol
d.
amines
e.
thyroxin
Chapter 04 – Principles of Neural and Hormonal Communication
c
4.7 Introduction to Hormonal Communication
37. Where do hydrophilic peptide hormones dissolve?
a.
The blood
b.
The cytosol
c.
The extracellular fluid
d.
The intracellular fluid
e.
The intercellular matrix
a
4.7 Introduction to Hormonal Communication
HUPH.SHER.16.4.6.3 – Describe the transport of hydrophilic and lipophilic hormones
38. G-proteins are bound to ____.
a.
glucose
b.
guanine nucleotides
c.
glutathione
d.
gyroscopic proteins
e.
gamma phosphate
4.7 Introduction to Hormonal Communication
39. What are the chemical messengers for the nervous system?
a.
hormones released into the blood
b.
hormones released into the synaptic cleft
c.
hormones released in the spinal canal
d.
neurotransmitters released into the synaptic cleft
e.
neurotransmitters released into the blood
4.8 Comparison of the Nervous and Endocrine Systems
40. Endocrine specificity is a result of ____.
a.
anatomic proximity
b.
anatomic specialization
c.
proximity and specialization of hormones
Chapter 04 – Principles of Neural and Hormonal Communication
d.
receptor proximity
e.
receptor specialization
e
4.8 Comparison of the Nervous and Endocrine Systems
41. Voltage-gated channels open or close in response to changes in membrane potential.
a.
True
b.
False
True
4.1 Introduction to Neural Communication
HUPH.SHER.16.4.1.2 – Define the terms used to describe changes in membrane potential
42. The stronger the triggering event, the larger the resultant graded potential.
a.
True
b.
False
True
4.2 Graded Potentials
43. Any flow of electrical charges is called resistance.
a.
True
b.
False
False
4.2 Graded Potentials
HUPH.SHER.16.4.2 – Describe current flow during a graded potential
44. If a graded potential is large enough, it can initiate an action potential before the graded change dies off.
a.
True
b.
False
True
4.3 Action Potentials
HUPH.SHER.16.4.3.1 – Compare action potentials with graded potentials
45. The terms action potential, spike, and firing all refer to the same phenomenon of slow reversal of membrane potential.
a.
True
b.
False
False
46. The voltage-gated sodium channel has two gates: an activation gate and an inactivation gate.
a.
True
b.
False
True
47. The outward movement of sodium ions rapidly restores the negative resting potential.
a.
True
b.
False
False
48. The dendrites and cell body are the neuron’s output zone because these components send out signals.
a.
True
b.
False
False
49. Following the absolute refractory period is a relative refractory period, during which a second action potential can be
produced only by a triggering event considerably stronger than usual.
a.
True
b.
False
True
50. An unmyelinated fiber has a low density of voltage-gated channels along its entire length.
a.
True
b.
False
False