1. Rational classical criminology is rooted in the classical school of criminology and is most closely identified with
the thoughts of theorist .
2. Beccaria argued that punishments for crimes should be to the harm brought on by the crime.
3. According to theorist , “utilitarian calculus” is the idea that people choose to act when, after
weighing costs and benefits, they believe that their actions will bring them an increase in pleasure and a reduction
of pain.
4. During the eighteenth century period, social philosophers such as Jeremy Bentham began
to embrace the view that human behavior was a result of rational thought processes.
5. is the concept that a penalty for a crime may prompt commission of a marginally
more severe crime because that crime receives the same magnitude of punishment as the original one.
6. The prescribed method for dealing with the possessed was , a practice that survived into the
seventeenth century.
7. is the eighteenth–century school of thought that believed that criminals chose to commit
crime and that crime could be controlled by judicious punishment
8. A well–publicized book called , by Charles Murray and Louis Cox, went as far as to
suggest that punishment–oriented programs could suppress future criminality much more effectively than
those that relied on rehabilitation and treatment efforts.
9. In a 1975 book that came to symbolize renewed interest in classical views, Thinking about Crime, political
scientist debunked the view that crime was a function of external forces.
10. That a crime is means that offenders will react selectively to the characteristics of an
individual criminal act
11. theory states that crime is a function of a decision–making process in which the
potential offender weighs the potential costs and benefits of an illegal act.
12. The excitement or exhilaration of successfully executing illegal activities in dangerous situations is known as
.
13. Defensible space theory is credited to in the 1970s.
14. Professional shoplifters who steal with the intention of reselling stolen merchandise are known as
.
15. Areas with a greater than usual number of access streets from traffic arteries into the neighborhood are referred
to as .
16. The Doorsteps Neighbourhood Program in Ontario, Canada, is a/an program to help to
reduce crime.
17. Adding a security guard to reduce shoplifting in a department store is an example of a crime .
18. In Ronald Clarke‘s CRAVED model, the “C” stands for .
19. A program that seems successful because it helps lower crime rates at specific locations or neighborhoods may
simply be redirecting offenders to alternative targets; this is known as .
20. When efforts to prevent one crime actually benefit another crime or area, it is referred to as
.
21. The three elements of deterrence are certainty, severity, and .
22. Fear of shame, embarrassment, and humiliation can be powerful general deterrents to crime. An individual’s fear
of exposure and consequent shaming may vary according to of community structure and type of
crime.
23. The theory of holds that criminal sanctions should be so powerful that known criminals
will never repeat their criminal acts.
24. Placing offenders behind bars during their prime crime years should lessen their lifetime opportunity to commit
crime. This theory is known as the .
25. The philosophy of asserts that those who violate the rights of others deserve to be
punished.
26. Beccaria believed that criminals choose to commit crime and that criminal choices could be controlled by:
a. fear of punishment. b. improving economic conditions.
c. selective incapacitation. d. situational crime prevention.
27. Beccaria believed that humans were naturally:
a. geared to care for others. b. egotistical and self–centered.
c. incapable of making rational decisions. d. unaware of the consequences of their actions.
28. Rational choice theory is rooted in the classical school of criminology developed by:
a. James Q. Wilson b. Cesare Beccaria
c. Jeremy Bentham d. Andrew Von Hirsch
29. If petty offenses were subject to the same punishment as more serious crimes, offenders would choose the worst
crime. This is referred to as the concept of:
a. marginal deterrence. b. “the tipping point.”
c. specific deterrence. d. general deterrence.
30. Beccaria’s beliefs and writings about the proportionality of crime and punishment have been credited as the
basis for the elimination of what nineteenth-century practice?
a. public executions b. hanging
c. the death penalty d. torture
31. Before choosing to commit a crime, criminals evaluate the risk of apprehension, the seriousness of
punishment, the potential value, and the immediate need for criminal gain.
a. reasoning b. opportunity
c. specific d. need
32. Who wrote Seductions of Crime, a book that argues that there are immediate benefits to criminality?
a. Jack Katz b. Cesare Beccaria
c. Jeremy Bentham d. Andrew Von Hirsch
33. The view that criminals are not robots who engage in random acts of antisocial behavior reflects crime.
a.
offense–specific
b. offender-specific
c. target-specific d. risk–specific
34. violations involve encounters in which the grievant’s essential character has been challenged.
a. Status-based b. Crime
c. Personalistic d. Market-related
35. Most burglars prefer to commit crimes in neighborhoods that contain a greater than usual number of access
streets. These neighborhoods are referred to as:
a. accessible neighborhoods b. permeable neighborhoods
c. arterial neighborhoods d. open neighborhoods
36. While outwardly considered the most irrational of offenders, serial murders are considered rational killers
because:
a. They tend to have higher than average IQs.
b. They pick their targets with care.
c. They elude arrest for months and, sometimes, years.
d. They are rarely, in actuality, psychologically disturbed.
37. Some law violators describe the adrenaline rush that comes from successfully executing illegal activities in
dangerous situations. This integration of danger, risk, and skill is, for some, a seduction of crime and is referred
to as:
a. rushwork b. edgework
c. riskwork d. thrillwork
38. The belief that crime can be reduced by modifying the physical environment to reduce opportunity is called:
a. defensible space. b. opportunity theory.
c. social perception theory. d. power–control theory.
39. Well–lit housing projects that maximize surveillance reflect Oscar Newman’s concept of that suggests
that crime can be prevented via the use of residential architectural designs that reduce criminal opportunity.
a. permeability b. accessibility
c. defensible space d. target–hardening
40. When urban planners consider the characteristics of sites that are at risk for crime, the factors that attract people
to these sites, and what equips potential criminals to take advantage of the illegal opportunities offered, they are
engaging in a practice known as:
a. situational crime prevention. b. crime displacement.
c. crime discouragers. d. situational displacement.
41. Brightly displaying “no littering” signs is an example of eliminating:
a. excuses. b. rewards.
c. risks. d. payout.
42. Adding a security guard to reduce shoplifting in a department store is an example of a crime:
a. discourager. b. eliminator.
c. barrier. d. pusher.
43. When efforts to prevent one crime unintentionally prevents another and when crime control efforts in one locale
reduce crime in other, nontarget areas, this is called:
a. extinction. b. diffusion of benefits.
c. crackdowns effects. d. discouragement benefits.
44. Situational crime prevention is not without its problems. When crime–reduction programs redirect offenders
to alternative targets, the practice is termed:
a. temporary deterrence. b. crime displacement.
c. crime shifting. d. temporary displacement.
45. Officer Smith with the Charleston, SC, police department begins motorcycle patrols in an effort to reduce public
intoxication offenses in the downtown area. The increased police presence reduces public intoxication offenses
in downtown Charleston, but in neighboring communities, a spike in these offenses occurs. This is an example of:
a.
displacement.
b. dismemberment.
c. diffusion. d. distension.
46. When an effort to prevent one crime has the unintended consequences of preventing other crimes, this is referred
to as:
a. displacement effect. b. diffusion of benefits.
c. situational crime prevention. d. environmental crime prevention.
47. According to , punishment has the potential to discourage all individuals in the population from
committing crime.
a. specific deterrence b. general deterrence
c. diffusion of benefits d. crime displacement
48. According to deterrence theory, if the probability of arrest, conviction, and sanctioning could be increased,
crime rates should:
a. remain stable. b. increase.
c. decline. d. initially spike, then decline.
49. The three components of deterrence theory are severity, certainty, and speed of legal sanctions (punishment). Of
these components, deterrence theorists tend to believe that the which component of punishment seems to have
the strongest impact.
a. severity
b. certainty
c. speed
d. The impact of the components is equal.
50. The Kansas City, Missouri, police department’s study of patrol effectiveness convinced criminologists that:
a. The mere presence of patrol officers on the street did not have a deterrent effect.
b. Doubling the amount of patrol officers on the street had a deterrent effect.
c. The mere presence of patrol officers on the street had a deterrent effect, but only in high–crime
neighborhoods.
d. Decreasing the amount of patrol officers on the street increased crime.
51. “Crackdowns” are sudden changes in police activity designed to lower crime rates through an increase in the
communicated threat or actual certainty of punishment. What does research indicate about the effectiveness of
crackdowns?
a. Merely saturating an area with police deters crime.
b. Crackdowns initially deter crime, but the effect soon wears off after the high–intensity police activity ends.
c. Crackdowns are ineffective when coupled with aggressive problem-solving and community–improvement
techniques.
d. Crackdowns initially do not work but later lead to a long-term decrease in crime
52. Which statement best reflects the effect of informal sanctions aimed at shame and humiliation?
a. They are highly effective in reducing recidivism.
b. They are highly ineffective in reducing recidivism.
c. Their effectiveness depends on the cohesiveness of the community structure.
d. Their effectiveness depends on the amount of media attention they receive.
53. What do immediate impact studies indicate about capital punishment’s deterrent effect on murder?
a. Impact studies indicate that the overall impact of executions might actually increase the incidence of
homicide
b. Impact studies indicate that a deterrent effect does not exist even though the death penalty is being used
more often over the past decade.
c. Impact studies are inconclusive regarding capital punishment’s deterrent effect on murder.
d. Impact studies indicate a deterrent effect but only for expressive forms of murder.
54. According to rational choice theory, why might a criminal decide not to commit crime?
a. The criminal has developed a conscience as he/she matured.
b. The criminal has legitimate means to achieve financial success and does not need to commit crime.
c. The criminal perceives that crime is too risky.
d. The criminal has learned that crime is only one of many solutions to their personal problems.
55. argues that punishing an offender will prevent that offender from committing the same crime again.
a. Specific deterrence b. General deterrence
c. Punishment logic d. Classical punishment
56. After the famous Minneapolis domestic violence study, other studies and analyses have been conducted.
Overall, what are the implications of these domestic violence studies?
a. These studies indicate that even if punishment can produce a short-term specific deterrent effect, it fails to
produce longer–term behavioral change.
b. These studies indicate that if offenders were released after arrest, no deterrent effect was evidenced.
c. These studies indicate a strong positive effect for arrest, but only if the offender had no prior arrests for
domestic violence.
d. These studies indicate that actual prosecution and subsequent probation supervision or incarceration were
stronger deterrents than arrest alone.