1. The objective basis for stops and frisks is:
a. the same as for arrests.
b. higher than for arrests.
c. lower than for arrests.
d. the same as for full searches of a person.
2. Until the 1960s, the U.S. Supreme Court followed the _____________________, which says the warrant and
reasonableness clauses are firmly connected.
a. reasonableness Fourth Amendment approach
b. conventional Fourth Amendment approach
c. subjective Fourth Amendment approach
d. objective doctrine of the Fourth Amendment
3. The first question to ask in Fourth Amendment cases is whether the:
a. officer action was a stop and frisk.
b. officer action was unreasonable.
c. fruit of the police action (what is obtained from its action) should be excluded.
d. police were investigating a serious crime.
4. Which of the following is considered a type of hearsay information?
a. Statements by fellow officers
b. Resisting an officer
c. Contradictory answers
d. Hiding
Chapter 04: STOP AND FRISK
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5. The Supreme Court balancing approach to stop and frisk requires weighing:
a. individual privacy rights and the value of controlling crime.
b. Fourth Amendment rights and Fifth Amendment rights.
c. efficient use of police resources and individual liberty.
d. public opinion about crime and privacy rights.
6. Reid v. Georgia (1980) ruled that:
a. the drug courier profile by itself cannot amount to reasonable suspicion.
b. illegal alien status is, by itself, enough to amount to reasonable suspicion.
c. travelling from a known drug-trafficking county is, by itself, enough to amount to reasonable suspicion.
d. as long as the DEA has 7 primary and 4 secondary characteristics as part of its drug courier profile, that is
enough to amount to reasonable suspicion.
7. The balancing approach to reasonableness:
a. requirescourtstoweighthedegreeofintrusionagainstthegovernment’sneedfortheintrusion.
b. prohibits the police from making intrusions simply to prevent crimes that may happen.
c. does not require the court to weigh the degree of intrusion so long as there is a factual foundation for it.
d. does not require a factual foundation to support stops involving serious crimes.
8. The Supreme Court has adopted which of the following readings of the Fourth Amendment regarding stops and
frisks? The Fourth Amendment:
a. protects only full arrests and searches.
b. equates stops and arrests.
c. equates frisks and searches.
d. requires a lesser quantum of proof or suspicion for stop than for arrest.
Chapter 04: STOP AND FRISK
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9. According to the Supreme Court opinion in Terry v. Ohio, involving a police stop and frisk of a citizen on a street
to investigate a possible robbery:
a. in dealing with dangerous situations on city streets, police need an escalating set of flexible responses.
b. police cannot stop citizens without probable cause to believe that crime is afoot.
c. in any instance where the police can stop someone, they can also frisk that person.
d. police cannot stop citizens without clear and convincing evidence that crime is afoot.
10. According to the Supreme Court opinion in Terry v. Ohio involving the stop and frisk of a citizen on the street to
investigate a robbery:
a. a stop is conduct outside the purview of the Fourth Amendment because the action does not rise to the
level of a seizure.
b. wheneverapoliceofficeraccostsanindividualandrestrainshisfreedomtowalkaway,hehas“seized”that
person.
c. a stop is not a serious intrusion upon the sanctity of the person and may be taken lightly.
d. thepersonalsecurityandprivacyoftheindividualalwaysoutweighsthegovernment’sinterestsindetecting
crime.
11. Aproper“frisk”underthestopandfriskrulesestablishedbyTerry v. Ohio:
a. islimitedtoapatdownofthesuspect’souterclothingunlesssomethingthatcouldbeaweaponisfelt
during the pat-down.
b. may not be conducted unless there is no doubt in the mind of the officer that the suspect has a weapon.
c. may include a search of an area within 100 yards of the suspect if the pat-down results in the feeling of an
object which could be a weapon.
d. may not even extend to a pat-down unless the officer has probable cause to believe the suspect has a
weapon.
Chapter 04: STOP AND FRISK
STOP AND FRISK
12. Which of the following activities can NOT be conducted as a matter of routine at an international border stop?
a. Dog sniff
b. Cavity search
c. Pocket check
d. Wallet search
13. According to the Supreme Court opinion in Terry v. Ohio, a stop justified at its beginning can:
a. be justified on mere hunches alone.
b. only be done for violent crimes.
c. become unjustified by being too extensive in scope.
d. have any scope the stopping officer wants.
14. Which of the following constitutes a stop?
a. Apersonapproachesanofficerandsays,“Isawamanrunoutofthatbuildingwithaknifedripping
blood.”
b. Policeapproachapersonandask,“Didyoujustleavethatbuilding?”
c. Apersonwalksuptoanofficerandvolunteers,“Ijustkilledmyenemy.”
d. Officers investigating a robbery that just happened approach a person who fits the description given by the
victim, asking who they are where they were at the time of the crime.
15. Which of the following is not a seizure?
a. chasing a fleeing suspect who gets away
b. arresting someone
c. physically grabbing someone to check suspicion
d. using such a show of force that a reasonable person does not leave
Chapter 04: STOP AND FRISK
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16. Which of the following will not support stopping vehicles at a roadblock?
a. Driver’slicenseandvehiclesafetychecks
b. General checks to see if drivers may be committing any crime
c. Sobriety checkpoints
d. Agricultural inspection stops
17. As per Maryland v. Wilson (1997), police officers who have effected a traffic stop can choose to remove
__________ from the stopped vehicle to maximize personal safety.
a. drivers
b. animals
c. passengers
d. weapons
18. In Florida v J.L. (2000), what did the court decide with regards to an anonymous tip regarding a man with a
gun?
a. That the informant would have to identify themselves before the police could act.
b. That a stop and frisk was justified in the interests of public safety.
c. That an anonymous tip lacking any indications of reliability does not justify a stop and frisk, even though it
did allege the illegal possession of a firearm.
d. That as long as the police could verify the information, it a stop and frisk would be permissible.
19. Reasonable suspicion needed to make a stop:
a. requires more than probable cause.
b. requires a preponderance of the evidence.
c. requires only a hunch.
d. requires some minimum level of objective justification.
Chapter 04: STOP AND FRISK
STOP AND FRISK
20. Which of the following circumstances have been found sufficient by themselves to amount to reasonable
suspicion?
a. A driver double-parked within ten feet of a pedestrian in a drug trafficking area.
b. A passenger leaving an airplane appeared nervous in the presence of officers.
c. A driver failed to look at a patrol car late at night.
d. At 2:15 a.m., a person approached an officer in his police vehicle in a high crime area and told him that a
person seated in a nearby car had illegal drugs and a gun at his waist.
21. If an officer was specifically patting down a suspect for weapons, but came across an item in the person’s pocket
that was in a shape consistent with contraband, such as narcotics, would the officer be able to seize the item and
arrest the person?
a. No, they can never seize evidence unless they in fact know what the item is in advance.
b. Yes, but only if the person consents to the removal of the objects.
c. No, the officer can only seize the item if it was in fact a weapon.
d. Yes,underthe‘plainfeel’doctrine,theofficercanseizetheitem.
22. Categorical suspicion:
a. can be sufficient in itself to amount to reasonable suspicion
b. can be sufficient as long as the category in which the suspect falls is not based on race or ethnicity
c. can be one of the factors in the entire picture of reasonable suspicion
d. is sufficient in itself if officers can establish the stop occurred in a high crime area
23. In U.S. v. Sokolow,involvingthestopofasuspecteddrugsmugglerbasedona“drugcourierprofile,”the
Supreme Court held that:
a. drug courier profiles are unconstitutional
b. drug courier profiles must be supported by a showing of probable cause
c. some of the reasonable suspicion can be based on a drug courier profile as long as the totality of
circumstances supports such suspicion
d. reasonable suspicion is always supported if a suspect falls within a drug courier profile
24. According to Michigan v. Sitz (1990), do DWI roadblocks constitute unlawful stops?
a. Yes, they are unlawful stops unless the individual stopped has already demonstrated some subjective
symptoms of driving while under the influence.
b. No,theyarenotunlawfulaslongasthepolicehaveawarranttosearch‘allvehicles’suspectedofDWI
suspects.
c. Yes,theyareunlawfulbasedontheFourthAmendment‘unreasonable’test.
d. No, they are not unlawful because there is a compelling interest related to public safety.
25. According to the Supreme Court opinion in U.S. v. Sharpe, concerning a determination of how long police
officers can detain suspects during lawful stops:
a. a“brightline”ruleofonehourisusedtodeterminewhetheraninvestigativedetentionisreasonable.
b. Any stop more than twenty minutes, without an arrest, is unreasonable.
c. Officers can detain suspects, without arresting them, for twelve hours.
d. In evaluating whether an investigative stop is unreasonable, a flexible approach using common sense and
ordinary experience must govern.
Chapter 04: STOP AND FRISK
STOP AND FRISK
26. In Maryland v. Wilson, the case where police removed and detained a passenger from a lawfully stopped
vehicle, the Supreme Court held:
a. thattheofficer’sorderingthepassengeroutofthecarwasanunreasonableseizure.
b. that the practice of ordering all drivers and passengers stopped in traffic stops out of their vehicles as a
matter of course was reasonable.
c. thattheofficer’sorderinghimoutofthecarwastoogreatanintrusionintothedriver’sliberty.
d. that they must have articulable suspicion of danger to order the passenger out of the vehicle.
27. According to the Supreme Court in U.S. v. Montoya de Hernandez, involving a detention at the border for drug
investigation:
a. even routine customs searches at the border require reasonable suspicion.
b. any detention at the border that lasts more than 15 minutes is unreasonable.
c. detention beyond the scope of a routine customs search and inspection is always
unreasonable.
d. theFourthAmendment’sbalanceofreasonablenessisqualitativelydifferentatthe
international border than in the interior of the country.
28. AccordingtotheSupremeCourt’sopinioninU.S. v. Montoya de Hernandez, involving the detention of a
traveler at the border, the standard of evidence necessary to detain a traveler at the border, beyond the scope of
a routine custom search and inspection is:
a. probable cause.
b. no evidence at all, the Fourth Amendment does not apply at the border.
c. a clear indication of illegal activity.
d. reasonable suspicion.
Chapter 04: STOP AND FRISK
STOP AND FRISK
29. According to the Supreme Court in Michigan v. Sitz, involving sobriety checkpoints, detaining a car briefly at a
sobriety check point:
a. is not a stop.
b. is a stop, but it is not covered by the Fourth Amendment.
c. is a stop to which the Fourth Amendment applies.
d. requires probable cause to think that someone in the car has committed a crime.
30. According to the Supreme Court in Michigan v. Sitz, involving sobriety checkpoints, detaining a car briefly at a
sobriety checkpoint requires:
a. reasonable suspicion to think that the driver is driving under the influence.
b. probable cause to think that the driver is driving under the influence.
c. clear and convincing evidence to think that the driver is driving under the influence.
d. noindividualizedsuspicionbecauseoftheimportanceoftheState’sinterestinaddressingthedrunkdriving
problem.
31. The case of Michigan v. Sitz (1990) challenged the constitutionality of:
a. Stop and frisk
b. Frisk without a warrant
c. Courier profiles
d. DUI checkpoints
32. Which of the following are legitimate purposes for frisks?
a. To protect officers
b. To preserve evidence
c. To find illegal drugs
d. Toconvincesuspectstheyshouldrespondtoanofficer’squestions
Chapter 04: STOP AND FRISK
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33. Frisks:
a. are the most invasive type of search.
b. are not considered invasions of privacy.
c. are always allowed following a stop.
d. are the least invasive type of search.
34. Which of the following does not implicate the Fourth Amendment?
a. show of force with submission
b. frisk
c. briefly grabbing a suspect to check suspicion
d. asking questions of potential witnesses at the scene of a robbery
35. The Supreme Court has ruled that a state statute which permits police to require a suspect disclose his identity
during a Terry stop or face prosecution for failing to answer is:
a. unconstitutionalbecausepeoplearenotobligedtorespondtoanofficer’squestions.
b. unconstitutional because it violates the Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination.
c. constitutional because it is rationally related to the purpose and practical demands of a Terry stop.
d. constitutional only if the state supreme court has ruled that it is.
36. Stop and frisks impact a greater number of people than those actually arrested.
a. True
b. False
Chapter 04: STOP AND FRISK
STOP AND FRISK
37. Since stops and frisks take place in public, they may shape the public view of police power more than more
intrusive invasions such as arrest and searches that take place out of sight.
a. True
b. False
38. Outer clothing pat-downs do not constitute Fourth Amendment searches.
a. True
b. False
39. Stops and frisks are more invasive than arrest.
a. True
b. False
40. According to the Supreme Court, police can take no action against a citizen until they have probable cause.
a. True
b. False
41. Information received from anonymous informants is always considered equal in quality to that received from
known informants in providing reasonable suspicion for a stop.
a. True
b. False
Chapter 04: STOP AND FRISK
STOP AND FRISK
42. Profiles are neither direct observation nor hearsay.
a. True
b. False
43. Frisks are searches.
a. True
b. False
44. Police officers can automatically frisk all citizens whom they stop.
a. True
b. False
45. The purpose of a frisk is to protect officers or other people from death or injury.
a. True
b. False
46. According to the Supreme Court opinion in Illinois v. Wardlow,aperson’smerepresenceinahighcrimearea
can supply the objective basis needed for a stop.
a. True
b. False
Chapter 04: STOP AND FRISK
STOP AND FRISK
47. Asuspect’sracealonecannotconstitutereasonablesuspicionforpoliceaction.
a. True
b. False
48. An officer conducting a protective pat-down search can never seize any items other than weapons.
a. True
b. False
49. The U.S. Supreme Court has held that fitting a drug courier profile is itself alone enough to furnish reasonable
suspicion.
a. True
b. False
50. Reasonable suspicion can never be based on hearsay information.
a. True
b. False
51. Stop and frisk law focuses on the application of the _________ Amendment to law enforcement practices.
52. A brief detention that enables law enforcement officers to freeze a situation for the purpose of investigating
suspicious persons is a/an _______.
Chapter 04: STOP AND FRISK
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53. Pat-downs of suspects to protect officers against the danger of concealed weapons are __________.
54. The objective basis required for making a lawful stop is ________ _________.
55. Barricades set up for stopping vehicles and questioning the occupants are known as __________.
56. Thepattingdownofasuspect’souterclothingtocheckforweaponsisthetypeofsearchcalleda__________.
57. The two elements to the scope of a reasonable stop are on the spot location of the investigation and __________
__________.
58. When police learn facts not from their observation but from what other people tell them, this is called
________________.
59. Another name for the totality of circumstances test is the _______ ___________ test.
60. ThemethodofanalysisthatconsiderstheFourthAmendment’stwoclausesasbeingseparateandaddressing
different problems is the ___________ ___________ _____________ approach.
61. Identify the three possible alternatives for applying the Fourth Amendment to stops and frisks, and explain why the
U.S. Supreme Court adopted alternative three.
Chapter 04: STOP AND FRISK
STOP AND FRISK
62. Does unprovoked flight + high-crime area = reasonable suspicion? Explain your response.
63. Does an anonymous tip amount to reasonable suspicion? Explain.
Chapter 04: STOP AND FRISK
STOP AND FRISK
64. When can profiles be used in building reasonable suspicion?
Chapter 04: STOP AND FRISK
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65. Why is it reasonable to remove a passenger from a stopped vehicle when there is no suspicion the passenger may
be involved in a crime?