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True / False
1. The theory of the working poor is the view that lower-class people form a separate culture with their own values and
norms somewhat similar to conventional society.
a.
True
b.
False
2. Social disorganization theory links delinquency to middle-class measuring rods.
a.
True
b.
False
3. Street efficacy refers to the ability of communities to regulate the behavior of their residents through the influence of
community institutions, such as the family and school.
a.
True
b.
False
4. Social disorganization theory holds that delinquency is tied to the personal characteristics or culture of the residents as
opposed to the neighborhood characteristics.
a.
True
b.
False
5. Merton argues that retreatists reject both the goals and the means of society.
a.
True
b.
False
6. The view of general strain theory is that multiple sources of strain interact with an individual's emotional traits and
responses to produce criminality.
a.
True
b.
False
7. According to strain theory there are two cultural forces running through the neighborhood that shape the delinquent’s
actions— decent values and street values.
a.
True
b.
False
8. According to Cohen, the development of the delinquent subculture is a consequence of socialization practices found in
the ghetto or inner-city environment.
a.
True
b.
False
9. Social process theory takes the view that where one lives is more important than how one lives.
a.
True
b.
False
10. Differential association theory maintains that delinquency is motivated by political or legal processes.
a.
True
b.
False
11. Social theories have guided policy making since the 1960s; for instance, learning theories have influenced the way
criminal offenders are dealt with and treated.
a.
True
b.
False
12. Research has found that crimes appear to be intergenerational, suggesting that parental deviance influences delinquent
behavior.
a.
True
b.
False
13. The work of Cohen aids in explaining the factors that promote and sustain a delinquent subculture in that social forces,
not individual traits, promote and sustain a delinquent career.
a.
True
b.
False
14. An inner-city playground is covered in graffiti, the playground equipment is broken, and there are known drug dealers
who traverse the playground; these factors suggest that community conditions contribute to the high delinquency rate
found in the area.
a.
True
b.
False
15. Criminal behavior is considered more a rebellion against conventional society than as an expression of conformity to
lower-class subcultural values and traditions according to social disorganization theory.
a.
True
b.
False
16. Disjunction between expectations and achievements occurs when youths aspire to wealth and fame but lack the
financial and educational resources to achieve their goals.
a.
True
b.
False
17. Regarding school effects on delinquency, research indicates that school climate does not negatively impact youth as
much as academic failure.
a.
True
b.
False
18. To offset moral constraints, youth develop a distinct set of rationalizations for engaging in delinquent acts.
a.
True
b.
False
19. According to early versions of control theory, poor self-esteem produces maladaptive social relations, which in turn
opens the door for a youth to engage in delinquent behavior; in other words, poor self-esteem is the trigger.
a.
True
b.
False
20. Communities That Care would be an example of social ecology theory in action.
a.
True
b.
False
21. Jack and his family moved to a new town when Jack was 14 years old. Prior to moving, Jack and his family had lived
in the same town since Jack was born and Jack never engaged in any type of delinquent acts. When school started, Jack
had only been in town for a few weeks and had not made friends. Not really knowing anyone, Jack began hanging out
with a group of kids who were into having a “good time.” These kids, Jack noticed, always seemed to have money. They
drank alcohol, sold their own or their siblings' ADHD medication, and stole from the local superstore. Jack also noticed
that they never, as far as he could tell, got caught. If they did, they never suffered any negative consequences. After a
while Jack, too, began to engage in the same activities as his new friends. Which of the following theories best explains
Jack’s behavior?
a.
Social process
b.
Social control
c.
Social learning
d.
Social ecology
22. If you were to look for a theory that views delinquency as a result of a youth’s dysfunctional or destructive
relationship with the critical elements of socialization in his or her life—family, peers, schools, community—where the
dysfunctionality causes the youth to see delinquency as a feasible alternative, which of the following theories should you
choose?
a.
Social process
b.
Deterrence
c.
Social structure
d.
Evolutionary
23. If you were to look for a theory of delinquency that links a youth’s engagement in delinquent acts to the struggle of
being locked out of the economic mainstream, thereby creating anger and frustration and ultimately leading to
delinquency, which of the following theories would best fit this description?
a.
Social process
b.
Strain
c.
Social structure
d.
Social disorganization
24. What, according to Durkheim, undermines society's social control function?
a.
Strain
b.
Frustration
c.
Retreatism
d.
Anomie
25. Your friend is interested in researching delinquency and gangs. Your professor suggested investigating the theory that
combines the principles of strain and social disorganization theories into a portrayal of a gang-sustaining delinquent
culture. Following the professor's advice, which of the following should your friend investigate?
a.
Differential opportunity
b.
Strain
c.
Differential association
d.
Social ecology
26. Cultural deviance combines the elements of what two theories?
a.
Differential association and labeling
b.
Strain and social disorganization
c.
Structural process and strain
d.
Social disorganization and labeling
27. What is the view that lower-class people form a separate culture with their own values and norms, which are
sometimes in conflict with conventional society?
a.
Working poor
b.
Culture of poverty
c.
Underclass
d.
Stratified society
28. Subcultural values are handed down from one generation to the next through what process?
a.
Enculturation
b.
Socialization
c.
Street efficacy
d.
Cultural transmission
29. What is a form of culture conflict experienced by lower-class youths because social conditions prevent them from
achieving success as defined by the larger society?
a.
Subterranean values
b.
Negative affective states
c.
Focal concerns
d.
Status frustration
30. What area or zone, according to social disorganization theory, has the heaviest concentration of delinquency rates?
a.
Zone 1
b.
Zone 2
c.
Zone 3
d.
Zone 4
31. According to the text, the social process approach has two independent branches; each branch has its own assumption.
These assumptions are (1) that youth are born good and learn to be bad, and (2) that youth are born bad and must be
controlled to be good. What are the theories that best fit the assumptions?
a.
(1) Social learning, (2) social structure
b.
(1) Social structure, (2) social ecology
c.
(1) Social ecology, (2) social control
d.
(1) Social learning, (2) social control
32. What is the ability of communities to regulate the behavior of their residents through the influence of community
institutions (i.e., family and school) called?
a.
Societal collectiveness
b.
Collective efficacy
c.
Group cohesiveness
d.
Community control
33. In their early teens, Jack, Cole, and Hardy live in areas where both conventional and delinquent activities are limited
and adult role models are in absentia. Applying differential opportunity theory, Jack, Cole, and Hardy are likely to join
one of three types of gangs to in order to achieve what they consider success.
Jack, for example, lives on the fringe of society and is constantly looking for ways to get high—he has consumed alcohol,
smoked pot, and enjoys what some would consider unusual sexual experiences. He has been involved in a few fights, but
is not very good at fighting. Since Jack spends a lot of time high, it is difficult to know if his failed attempts at fighting
were due to fear, clumsiness, or sheer weakness. What type of gang will Jack join?
a.
Conflict gang
b.
Criminal gang
c.
Rebellion gang
d.
Retreatist gang
34. In their early teens, Jack, Cole, and Hardy live in areas where both conventional and delinquent activities are limited
and adult role models are in absentia. Applying differential opportunity theory, Jack, Cole, and Hardy are likely to join
one of three types of gangs to in order to achieve what they consider success.
Hardy lives in a stable lower-class area that promotes an environment for successful delinquent enterprise. Hardy was
recruited into a gang that would provide him training for a successful delinquent career. What type of gang did Hardy
join?
a.
Criminal gang
b.
Conflict gang
c.
Rebellion gang
d.
Retreatist gang
35. In their early teens, Jack, Cole, and Hardy live in areas where both conventional and delinquent activities are limited
and adult role models are in absentia. Applying differential opportunity theory, Jack, Cole, and Hardy are likely to join
one of three types of gangs to in order to achieve what they consider success.
Cole lives in a highly disorganized area. Cole gets into fights to protect his gang’s integrity and honor, acquiring a
reputation. This rep provides Cole with a means for gaining admiration from his peers. What type of gang did Cole join?
a.
Criminal gang
b.
Conflict gang
c.
Rebellion gang
d.
Retreatist gang
36. What adaptation, according to Merton, is most closely associated with delinquency?
a.
Conformity
b.
Rebellion
c.
Retreatism
d.
Innovation
37. Messner and Rosenfeld presented the view of antisocial behavior as a function of cultural and institutional influences
in U.S. society; this view is a macro-level version of what theory?
a.
Anomie theory
b.
Status theory
c.
Labeling theory
d.
Strain theory
38. What is the concept through which youth are able to use their wits to feel safe by avoiding violent confrontation?
a.
Siege mentality
b.
Reaction formation
c.
Street efficacy
d.
Retreatism
39. Code of the streets is a view of the interrelationship of culture and behavior. What issue, according to text, is at the
heart of the code?
a.
Respect
b.
Street values
c.
Cultural autonomy
d.
Ghetto poor
40. Residents of a community become extremely suspicious of authority, and this suspicion develops into a view in which
the outside world is the enemy out to destroy the neighborhood. What is this view called?
a.
Community incivilities
b.
Focal concerns
c.
Siege mentality
d.
Reaction formation
41. According to the text, lacking a particular bond may foreshadow a condition in which risk becomes a reasonable
behavior alternative. A deficit in which of the following bonds describes this outcome?
a.
Attachment
b.
Commitment
c.
Involvement
d.
Belief
42. What is the process by which people learn to adopt the behavior patterns of the community and develop the skills
necessary to participate and function within their culture and environment?
a.
Enculturation
b.
Cultural transmission
c.
Collective efficacy
d.
Socialization
43. Jill is a senior in high school. All through her academic career she has made good grades and has never engaged in
delinquent acts. Two months prior to graduation, Jill's mother was in an automobile accident; a man under the influence
of alcohol ran a red light and crashed into Jill's mother's car, killing her on impact. Jill was close to her mother and her
death strongly impacted Jill's behavior. She began staying out late, her grades started slipping, and she began drinking
alcohol. What negative affective state, according to Agnew, is Jill experiencing?
a.
Failure to achieve positively valued goals
b.
Disjunction between expectations and achievement
c.
Removal of positively valued stimuli
d.
Presentation of negative stimuli
44. What is the name of the process whereby youth move between behavior that is sometimes unconventional or deviant
and at other times restrained and thoughtful?
a.
Rebellious
b.
Drift
c.
Neutralized
d.
Subterranean
45. Alice is 16 and lives with her mother and four younger siblings in an impoverished neighborhood. Alice does well in
school and will be the first of her family to graduate from high school. She knows she could have a better life by getting a
college degree, but she does not have the means to go to college and no one ever talks to Alice about furthering her
education. Like many teenage girls her age, Alice wants trendy clothes, fashionable shoes, and expensive handbags.
Alice works part-time at the local grocery store, but her earnings go to her mother to help with family finances. Alice is
approached and asked to carry drugs to the dealers around town. She agrees; after all, she is not the one selling the drugs
so she really is not hurting anyone. The money Alice makes allows her to quit her job at the grocery store, help her
mother, and buy clothes, shoes, and handbags. She now thinks that is not necessary to finish school. According to
Merton's social adaptation theory, which mode of adaptation best describes Alice?
a.
Conformity
b.
Innovation
c.
Ritualism
d.
Retreatist
46. What theory maintains that all people have the potential to violate the law, as modern society presents many
opportunities for illegal activities that promise immediate reward and gratification?
a.
Social bond
b.
Social learning
c.
Social structure
d.
Social control
47. Alice is 16 and lives with her mother and four younger siblings in an impoverished neighborhood. Alice does well in
school and will be the first of her family to graduate from high school. She knows she could have a better life by getting a
college degree, but she does not have the means to go to college and no one ever talks to Alice about furthering her
education. Like many teenage girls her age, Alice wants trendy clothes, fashionable shoes, and expensive handbags.
Alice works part-time at the local grocery store, but her earnings go to her mother to help with family finances. Alice is
approached and asked to carry drugs to the dealers around town. She agrees; after all, she is not the one selling the drugs
so she really is not hurting anyone. The money Alice makes allows her to quit her job at the grocery store, help her
mother, and buy clothes, shoes, and handbags. She now thinks that is not necessary to finish school. According to
neutralization theory, which of the following techniques best fits Alice?
a.
Denial of responsibility
b.
Denial of injury
c.
Denial of the victim
d.
Appeal to higher loyalties
48. Most likely responsible for the exceedingly high rate of delinquency, what distinctive feature in American society has
been allowed to develop to an extraordinary degree, according to Messner and Rosenfeld?
a.
Negative affective state
b.
Anomic conditions
c.
Subterranean values
d.
Lack of social bond
49. What theory links the onset of delinquency to the weakening of the ties that bind people to society?
a.
Social control
b.
Social structure
c.
Social bond
d.
Social ecology
50. Mechanisms such as direct criticism, ridicule, ostracism, desertion, or physical punishment are considered what form
of social control?
a.
Public social control
b.
Institutional social control
c.
Formal social control
d.
Informal social control
51. What is the view that lower-class individuals form a separate culture within their own values and norms and that these
values and norms are at times in conflict with conventional society?
52. Focusing on conditions within the urban environment that affect delinquency rates is known as what theory?
53. Many of the buildings are boarded up and left to decay, the majority of the residences in the area are apartment
buildings with a transient population, no one seems to care about their neighborhood, and according to statistics, the area
is densely populated. What zone does this describe?
54. According to Walter Miller, clinging to what promotes illegal or violent behavior?
